Arousal Sample Clauses

Arousal. In studies of arousal, which is distinct from both salience and anxiety, activation of the amygdala is linked with increased vigilance (Pessoa, 2011). After electrostimulation of a cat’s amygdala Xxxxx and Kaada (1960) noted an “attention response” and orienting around the environment.
Sample 1
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Arousal. The participants' arousal levels were low across all conditions (𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1.7, 𝑆𝐷𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1.1). As was the case with pleasure, velocity of the robot's movement and tool type used had significant but small main effects on arousal levels (Table 2). The participants' average arousal was lower when the robot was moving slowly (𝑀 = 1.5, 𝑆𝐷 = 0.5) than when it was moving fast (𝑀 = 2.0, 𝑆𝐷 = 1.0). The effect of tool type showed that the participants' arousal was highest when the robot was using the dangerous tools (testing leads or a pipette; Figure 9). The ANOVA also revealed a small interaction effect between scenario and tool type (Figure 10). The scenario affected the participants' arousal only when the robot was using the safe tool – the participants were slightly more aroused when they were collaborating with the robot in the industrial scenario. Table 2: Summary of a 3-way repeated measures ANOVA for the effects of scenario, velocity, and tool type on arousal. Source of variation 𝑺𝑺 𝒅𝒇 𝑴𝑺 𝑭 𝒑 𝜼𝟐 𝒈 Scenario 1.980 1 1.980 1.473 .234 .005 Residuals 43.020 32 1.344 Velocity 17.818 1 17.818 15.065 < .001 .043 Residuals 37.848 32 1.183 Tool 12.015 2 6.008 10.785 < .001 .029 Residuals 35.652 64 0.557 Scenario x Velocity 0.091 1 0.091 0.294 .592 < .001 Residuals 9.909 32 0.310 Scenario x Tool 3.096 2 1.548 3.550 .034 .008 Residuals 27.904 64 0.436 Velocity x Tool 1.136 2 0.568 1.095 .341 .003 Residuals 33.197 64 0.519 Scenario x Velocity x Tool 0.379 2 0.189 0.492 .614 < .001 Residuals 24.621 64 0.385 𝜼𝟐 – generalized eta squared 𝒈 Figure 9: The main effect of tool type on arousal (the bars represent Xxxxxx'x least significant differences).
Sample 1
Arousal. A four-way ANOVA (Table 4) was run to examine the effects of our independent variables on arousal. All four main effects were significant and very large (with the exception of movement type). Participants reported higher levels of arousal when the robot was using a knife (M = 3.5, SD = 1.5) compared to when it was using a soft sponge (M = 2.3, SD = 1.2). Participants were more aroused if the robot was moving fast (M = 2.5, SD = 1.2) compared to when it was moving slow (M = 3.2, SD = 1.5). The main effect of the location is shown in Figure 21. Participants' arousal was higher when they were closer to the robot. The main effect of movement type is shown in Figure 22. Participants reported highest arousal with FB movement, followed by LR and RAND movements. Table 4: Summary of a 4-way repeated measures ANOVA results on arousal as a function of location, tool, velocity, and movement of the robot. Source of variation SS df MS F p ƞp2 Location # 173.656 1.407 123.462 21.745 0.000 0.43 Location (error) 231.594 40.79 5.678 Tool 798.134 1 798.134 56.72 0.000 0.66 Tool (error) 408.075 29 14.072 Velocity 251.467 1 251.467 18.297 0.000 0.39 Velocity (error) 398.575 29 13.744 Movement # 43.275 4.384 9.871 3.15 0.014 0.10 Movement (error) 398.434 127.134 3.134 Location x Tool # 17.118 1.43 11.972 6.169 0.009 0.18 Location x Tool (error) 80.466 41.465 1.941 Location x Velocity # 0.129 1.949 0.066 0.166 0.842 0.01 Location x Velocity (error) 22.455 56.517 0.397 Tool x Velocity 0.856 1 0.856 0.206 0.653 0.01 Tool x Velocity (error) 120.352 29 4.15 Location x Tool x Velocity # 1.056 1.413 0.748 1.624 0.213 0.05 Location x Tool x Velocity (error) 18.86 40.986 0.46 Location x Movement # 2.832 5.342 0.53 0.802 0.557 0.03 Location x Movement (error) 102.418 154.926 0.661 Tool x Movement # 33.463 4.017 8.331 3.256 0.014 0.10 Tool x Movement (error) 298.078 116.484 2.559 Location x Tool x Movement # 7.494 5.483 1.367 1.851 0.099 0.06 Location x Tool x Movement (error) 117.423 159.019 0.738 Velocity x Movement # 21.052 4.148 5.075 1.902 0.112 0.06 Velocity x Movement (error) 320.989 120.302 2.668 Location x Velocity x Movement # 1.46 3.439 0.425 0.333 0.828 0.01 Location x Velocity x Movement (error) 127.123 99.734 1.275 Tool x Velocity x Movement # 11.53 4.188 2.753 1.183 0.322 0.04 Tool x Velocity x Movement (error) 282.678 121.446 2.328 Location x Tool x Velocity x Movement # 2.966 4.834 0.613 0.804 0.545 0.03 Location x Tool x Velocity x Movement (error) 106.951 140.195 0.763 ...
Sample 1

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