Response to increased NMPO use and related outcomes Sample Clauses

Response to increased NMPO use and related outcomes. In response to increased NMPO use and related consequences, federal and state governments and other vested entities implemented interventions aimed at reducing the supply of POs to reduce NMPO use (Wakeland, Nielsen, & Geissert, 2015). For example, the Drug Enforcement Administration focused on diversion prevention while the Food and Drug Administration fast-tracked initiatives to disseminate tamper-resistant drug formulations that reduce risk of diversion and non-medical use (Xxxxx, 2010; Okie, 2010). States implemented prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) that allow prescribers, pharmacists, and other officials to view opioid prescribing patterns. In turn, they can flag and cut off high volume patients and prescribers thereby reducing abuse and diversion (Brandeis, 2016; Xxxxx, 2015; Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2011). By 2013, 44 states implemented some type of PDMP, but states varied greatly in the data reported, who reviews it and how often, and the ability to share data between states. Criticisms of these interventions are the variation in effects by state and the fact that they only highlight potentially problematic prescribing and use, but do not necessarily link patients to drug treatment, and other services to address their demand for opioids (Davis, Pierce, & Dasgupta, 2014). Another criticism is that flagging and restricting PO access to NMPO users may also increase risk for initiation of heroin use (Cicero, Ellis, & Xxxxxxx, 2012).
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Related to Response to increased NMPO use and related outcomes

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