Regulation of flhDC in P Sample Clauses

Regulation of flhDC in P mirabilis An essential factor for swarmer cell differentiation in P. mirabilis is the flagellar master operon, flhDC. Expression of flhDC is activated following surface contact, peaks prior to differentiation, and sharply decreases following the initiation of swarming (147, 248). Slight changes in flhDC expression affect the manner in which P. mirabilis swarms. Overexpression of flhDC results in hyperswarming, an increase in flagellar number, and enables cells to overcome swarming lag phase (289), while flhDC mutants do not swarm (257, 289). As swarming is an intensive process, flhDC is tightly regulated. Direct transcriptional repressors identified in P. mirabilis include the Rcs phosphorelay (248, 253), the MR/P fimbrial operon regulator MrpJ (88, 290), and the Uca fimbrial operon regulator UcaJ (87). Transcriptional activators include the leucine-responsive regulatory protein Lrp (24). Class II flagellar assembly protein FlhA (148) and the Umo proteins activate flhDC expression (260), and their expression coincides with flhDC expression on solid surfaces. The Umo proteins mediate their effect on flhDC expression by modulation of the Rcs phosphorelay (261), while it is currently unknown how FlhA mediates its positive effect on flhDC. Additionally, the Lon protease is the primary mediator of FlhD4C2 cleavage thus contributing to its short half-life, and it also reduces flhDC expression (291, 292). To understand the mechanism regulating the spatial control of differentiation and consolidation, the characterization of mutants that dampen these stages during swarming is required. A mutant of rcsB encoding the response regulator of the Rcs phosphorelay, and mutants with transposon-mediated cassette insertions upstream of flhDC have unique swarming phenotypes. These mutants spend less time in both swarming lag and consolidation phase to different degrees. Consistent with previous studies of mutants in histidine kinase rcsC and relay protein rcsD, the rcsB mutant also hyperswarms. It initiates swarming approximately 1 h prior to wild-type, spends one half of the amount of time in consolidation phase, and migrates 2.5-fold the distance of wild-type (248, 266). This is likely due to increased flhDC expression, which is especially apparent between 3 and 5 h following surface contact in this mutant. Curiously, the rcsB mutant also differentiates to form swarmer cells in liquid culture, a non-permissive condition, and even strains overexpressing flhDC do not exhibit...
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