PROTECTION FOR MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS IN CLOSE CORPORATIONS Sample Clauses

PROTECTION FOR MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS IN CLOSE CORPORATIONS. A close corporation is the perfect environment for majority opportunism62. Majority opportunism is possible if the following aspects are combined together in a close corporation63: i) application of the majority rule64; ii) separation of functions among shareholders, directors and officers; iii) lack of guaranteed employment or dividend rights for shareholders; and iv) impossibility to apply the unilateral dissolution mechanism. In a close corporation, the traditional norms of corporate governance structure plus the lack of a public market for shares65 leave the minority shareholder vulnerable to the majority.66 Under the majority rule, the relationship between majority-minority shareholders might finish in what is called a “freeze out/squeeze- out”67. In a freeze out/squeeze out, a majority shareholder uses his/her control over 58 X’XXxxXx and XXxXxxxx, supra note 14, at 383. See Xxxxxx, supra note 34, at 383-384 (explaining that “[s] hareholder disputes present one of the most difficult and potentially destructive problems which arise in the context of the close corporation. A U.S. study conducted in Chicago, Illinois revealed that shareholder dissension was a major cause of business failures for the close corporation. Shareholder disputes are responsible for a wide a variety of business problems including loss of management time and increased cost.”). 59 xxXXXx, supra note 2, at 384. 60 HornEstEin, supra note 53, at 1041. 61 Xxxxxx, supra note 34, at 417 (commenting that “[p]articularly for the international investor, well-drafted contractual shareholder arrangements can be critical in governing the shareholder relationship. Contractually agreed upon choice of law provisions, buyout provisions, provisions permitting minority veto power in certain circumstances, employment contracts, and other special agreements which provide for dividend payments or other matters are extremely helpful in reducing potential shareholder disputes. Thus, provide for dividend payments or other are matters are extremely helpful in reducing potential shareholder disputes. Thus, contractual arrangements should be encouraged in the case of corporations owned by shareholders of different nations.”). 62 X’XXxxXx and XXxXxxxx, supra note 14, at 383. 63 Id. 64 See Xxxxxx, supra note 34, at 386 (explaining that “[t]he doctrine of majority rule creates the possibility for majority shareholders to make decisions which further their own interest at the expense of the minority owners.”)....
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Related to PROTECTION FOR MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS IN CLOSE CORPORATIONS

  • Dissenting Shareholders (a) Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, shares of Southwest Common Stock that are issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time and which are held by any Holder who is entitled to demand and properly demands appraisal of such shares of Southwest Common Stock pursuant to, and who complies in all respects with, the provisions of Section 1091 of the OGCA (“Section 1091”) (the “Southwest Dissenting Shareholders”), shall not be converted into or be exchangeable for the right to receive any of the consideration as specified in ARTICLE 2 (the “Southwest Dissenting Shares”), but instead such Holder shall be entitled to payment of the fair value of such Southwest Dissenting Shares in accordance with the provisions of Section 1091. At the Effective Time, all Southwest Dissenting Shares shall no longer be outstanding, shall automatically be canceled and retired and shall cease to exist, and each Holder of Southwest Dissenting Shares shall cease to have any rights with respect thereto, except the right to receive the fair value of such Southwest Dissenting Shares in accordance with the provisions of Section 1091. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any such Holder shall fail to perfect or otherwise shall waive, withdraw or lose the right to appraisal under Section 1091, or a court of competent jurisdiction shall determine that such Holder is not entitled to the relief provided by Section 1091, then the right of such Holder to be paid the fair value of such Holder’s Southwest Dissenting Shares under Section 1091 shall cease and such Southwest Dissenting Shares shall be deemed to have been converted at the Effective Time into, and shall have become, the right to receive the Merger Consideration as provided in Section 2.1(c) of this Agreement, any cash in lieu of fractional shares (if any) pursuant to Section 2.6 and any dividends or distributions (if any) pursuant to Section 3.1(d).

  • Limitations of Liability of the Board and Shareholders of the Investment Company The execution and delivery of this Agreement have been authorized by the Board of the Investment Company and signed by an authorized officer of the Investment Company, acting as such, and neither such authorization by the Board nor such execution and delivery by such officer shall be deemed to have been made by any of them individually or to impose any liability on any of them personally, and the obligations of this Agreement are not binding upon any member of the Board or Shareholders of the Investment Company, but bind only the property of the Fund, or Class, as provided in the Declaration of Trust.

  • Company Shareholders Meeting (a) Subject to Section 9.01, as promptly as practicable, but in any event, no later than ten (10) calendar days, after the SEC confirms that it has no further comments on the Schedule 13E-3 and Proxy Statement, the Company shall take all lawful action to call, give notice of, and convene the Company Shareholders’ Meeting for the purpose of obtaining the Company Shareholder Approval. As soon as reasonably practicable, but no later than the thirtieth calendar day after the date on which the notice of the Company Shareholders’ Meeting is issued, the Company shall hold such Company Shareholders’ Meeting in accordance with its memorandum and articles of association; provided, however, for the avoidance of doubt, the Company may postpone or adjourn the Company Shareholders’ Meeting for up to thirty (30) calendar days (but in any event no later than five (5) Business Days prior to the End Date), (i) with the prior written consent of Parent (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed); (ii) if at the time the Company Shareholders’ Meeting proceeds to business there are insufficient Shares represented (either in person or by proxy) to constitute a quorum necessary to conduct business at the Company Shareholders’ Meeting; or (iii) to allow reasonable time for the filing and mailing of any supplemental or amended disclosure which the Company Board has determined in good faith after consultation with outside counsel is necessary or advisable under applicable Law and for such supplemental or amended disclosure to be disseminated and reviewed by the Company’s shareholders prior to the Company Shareholders’ Meeting. Parent may request once that the Company adjourn or postpone the Company Shareholders’ Meeting for up to thirty (30) calendar days (but in any event no later than five (5) Business Days prior to the End Date), (x) if as of the time for which the Company Shareholders’ Meeting is originally scheduled (as set forth in the Proxy Statement) there are insufficient Shares represented (either in person or by proxy) (A) to constitute a quorum necessary to conduct the business of the Company Shareholders’ Meeting or (B) voting in favor of approval of this Agreement and the Transactions to obtain the Company Shareholder Approval or (y) in order to allow reasonable additional time for (1) the filing and mailing of, at the reasonable request of Parent, any supplemental or amended disclosure and (2) such supplemental or amended disclosure to be disseminated and reviewed by the Company’s shareholders prior to the Company Shareholders’ Meeting, in which event the Company shall, in each case, cause the Company Shareholders’ Meeting to be postponed or adjourned in accordance with Parent’s request.

  • Merger Sub Stock Each share of common stock, par value $.01 per share, of Merger Sub issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be converted into and exchanged for one (1) duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable share of common stock of the Surviving Corporation.

  • Trustees, Shareholders, etc Not Personally Liable; Notice. All persons extending credit to, contracting with or having any claim against the Trust or any Series or class shall look only to the assets of the Trust, or, to the extent that the liability of the Trust may have been expressly limited by contract to the assets of a particular Series or attributable to a particular class, only to the assets belonging to the relevant Series or attributable to the relevant class, for payment under such credit, contract or claim; and neither the Shareholders nor the Trustees, nor any of the Trust's officers, employees or agents, whether past, present or future, shall be personally liable therefor. Nothing in this Declaration of Trust shall protect any Trustee against any liability to which such Trustee would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the office of Trustee. Every note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate or undertaking made or issued on behalf of the Trust by the Trustees, by any officer or officers or otherwise shall give notice that this Declaration of Trust is on file with the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and shall recite that the same was executed or made by or on behalf of the Trust or by them as Trustee or Trustees or as officer or officers or otherwise and not individually and that the obligations of such instrument are not binding upon any of them or the Shareholders individually but are binding only upon the assets and property of the Trust or upon the assets belonging to the Series or attributable to the class for the benefit of which the Trustees have caused the note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate or undertaking to be made or issued, and may contain such further recital as he or she or they may deem appropriate, but the omission of any such recital shall not operate to bind any Trustee or Trustees or officer or officers or Shareholders or any other person individually.

  • Shares of Dissenting Stockholders Anything in this Agreement to the contrary notwithstanding, shares of Company Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time and held by a holder of record who did not vote in favor of the adoption of this Agreement (or consent thereto in writing) and is entitled to demand and properly demands appraisal of such shares of Company Common Stock pursuant to, and who complies in all respects with, Section 262 of the DGCL (“DGCL 262” and any such shares meeting the requirement of this sentence, “Dissenting Shares”) shall not be converted into the right to receive the Merger Consideration, but instead at the Effective Time shall be converted into the right to receive payment of such amounts as are payable in accordance with DGCL 262 (it being understood and acknowledged that at the Effective Time, such Dissenting Shares shall no longer be outstanding, shall automatically be cancelled and shall cease to exist, and such holder shall cease to have any rights with respect thereto other than the right to receive the fair value of such Dissenting Shares to the extent afforded by DGCL 262); provided that if any such holder shall fail to perfect or otherwise shall waive, withdraw or lose the right to payment of the fair value of such Dissenting Shares under DGCL 262, then the right of such holder to be paid the fair value of such holder’s Dissenting Shares shall cease and such Dissenting Shares shall be deemed to have been converted as of the Effective Time into, and to have become exchangeable solely for the right to receive, without interest or duplication, the Merger Consideration. The Company shall give prompt written notice to Parent of any demands received by the Company for fair value of any shares of Company Common Stock pursuant to DGCL 262 and of any withdrawals of such demands, and Parent shall have the opportunity to participate in all negotiations and proceedings with respect to such demands. Prior to the Effective Time, the Company shall not, without the prior written consent of Parent, make any payment with respect to, or settle or compromise or offer to settle or compromise, any such demand, or agree to do any of the foregoing.

  • Tax Periods Beginning Before and Ending After the Closing Date The Company or the Purchaser shall prepare or cause to be prepared and file or cause to be filed any Returns of the Company for Tax periods that begin before the Closing Date and end after the Closing Date. To the extent such Taxes are not fully reserved for in the Company’s financial statements, the Sellers shall pay to the Company an amount equal to the unreserved portion of such Taxes that relates to the portion of the Tax period ending on the Closing Date. Such payment, if any, shall be paid by the Sellers within fifteen (15) days after receipt of written notice from the Company or the Purchaser that such Taxes were paid by the Company or the Purchaser for a period beginning prior to the Closing Date. For purposes of this Section, in the case of any Taxes that are imposed on a periodic basis and are payable for a Taxable period that includes (but does not end on) the Closing Date, the portion of such Tax that relates to the portion of such Tax period ending on the Closing Date shall (i) in the case of any Taxes other than Taxes based upon or related to income or receipts, be deemed to be the amount of such Tax for the entire Tax period multiplied by a fraction the numerator of which is the number of days in the Tax period ending on the Closing Date and the denominator of which is the number of days in the entire Tax period (the “Pro Rata Amount”), and (ii) in the case of any Tax based upon or related to income or receipts, be deemed equal to the amount that would be payable if the relevant Tax period ended on the Closing Date. The Sellers shall pay to the Company with the payment of any taxes due hereunder, the Sellers’ Pro Rata Amount of the costs and expenses incurred by the Purchaser or the Company in the preparation and filing of the Tax Returns. Any net operating losses or credits relating to a Tax period that begins before and ends after the Closing Date shall be taken into account as though the relevant Tax period ended on the Closing Date. All determinations necessary to give effect to the foregoing allocations shall be made in a reasonable manner as agreed to by the parties.

  • Company Shares If the managing underwriter has not limited the number of Registrable Securities to be underwritten, the Company may include securities for its own account or for the account of others in such registration if the managing underwriter so agrees and if the number of Registrable Securities which would otherwise have been included in such registration and underwriting will not thereby be limited.

  • Incorporators, Stockholders, Officers and Directors of Company Exempt from Individual Liability No recourse under or upon any obligation, covenant or agreement contained in this Indenture or any indenture supplemental hereto, or in any Security or any coupons appertaining thereto, or because of any indebtedness evidenced thereby, shall be had against any incorporator, as such or against any past, present or future stockholder, officer, director or employee, as such, of the Company or of any successor, either directly or through the Company or any successor, under any rule of law, statute or constitutional provision or by the enforcement of any assessment or by any legal or equitable proceeding or otherwise, all such liability being expressly waived and released by the acceptance of the Securities and the coupons appertaining thereto by the holders thereof and as part of the consideration for the issue of the Securities and the coupons appertaining thereto.

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