Minimum Standard of Treatment. 1. Each Party shall accord to covered investments treatment in accordance with customary international law minimum standard of treatment of aliens21, including fair and equitable treatment and full protection and security. 2. The concepts of "fair and equitable treatment" and "full protection and security" in paragraph 1 do not require treatment in addition to or beyond what is required by the customary international law minimum standard of treatment of aliens and do not create additional substantive rights. (a) The obligation to provide "fair and equitable treatment" includes the obligation not to deny justice in criminal, civil or administrative adjudicatory proceedings in accordance with the principle of due process embodied in the principal legal systems of the world. (b) The obligation to provide "full protection and security" requires each Party to provide the level of police protection required under customary international law. 3. A determination that there has been a breach of another provision of this Agreement, or of a separate international agreement, does not establish that there has been a breach of this Article. Customary international law results from a general and consistent practice of States that they follow from a sense of legal obligation. With regard to this article, the customary international law minimum standard of treatment of aliens refers to all customary international law principles that protect the economic rights and interests of aliens.
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