Adverse Childhood Experiences and negative intent Sample Clauses

Adverse Childhood Experiences and negative intent. One of the most robust findings from within the current set of results seems to be the relationship between higher incidents of ACEs and negative intent or post- scenario distress ratings. The rates of ACEs within the current study were high and consistent with recent research exploring ACEs within a British prison population (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2012). As such, this could suggest that ACEs are a good indicator of possible insecure attachment styles within the current population. With this in mind, the relationship between ACEs and negative intent could yet be a good reflection of internal working model activation and is in keeping with previous research that suggests those with insecure attachments styles are likely to view others as disappointing and harmful (Mallinckrodt, 2000). The relationship between ACEs and negative intent could also be understood in relation to the cognitive processes that may underlie the attribution of negative intent in young people. For instance, hostile attributional bias is understood as an interpretive bias wherein individuals exhibit a tendency to interpret others ambiguous behaviours as hostile rather than benign (Xxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 1990). Within the attachment literature this cognitive bias can be understood within the context of early attachment relationships that are perceived as uncaring and/or unsafe, which can then lead to an individual viewing others as untrustworthy and harmful. This is reflected in a study by Xxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxx and Xxxxxx (1992) who found that young people who experienced harsh parenting, defined as parental behaviour where harmful physical punishment was used, were more likely to develop hostile attributions of intent alongside aggressive behavioural difficulties. In reviewing over 100 studies of aggressive behaviour in youths and adults, Xxxxx (2006) has proposed a model of the development of hostile attributional bias. Within this model he proposes that physical abuse, modeling of hostile attribution by adults and peers, failure in important life tasks, and rearing in a culture that values defense, personal honour and retaliation may all contribute to the development of a hostile attributional bias. Although these experiences were not all individually assessed in the current study, there is some overlap with the ACEs explored. This may therefore also explain the relationship found between higher levels of ACEs and negative intent.
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