Renewable Energy Technologies for Green C-RANs Sample Clauses

Renewable Energy Technologies for Green C-RANs. ‌ A study shows that the cellular networks consumed world-wide is approximately 60 billion kWh per year [29]. In fact, the BSs consumed 80% of the electric- ity in cellular networks. As a result, more than a hundred million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year has been produced and this figure is expected to double by the year 2020 [1, 29]. Aware of this important huge energy consumption problem, some methods for green communication has been studied in [30–33], particularly for maximizing the energy efficiency of wireless communication systems. A method for maximizing the energy efficiency using closed-form power allo- cation technique is studied in [30]. With a minimum average throughput require- ment, this method is proposed to be implemented for a point-to-point single carrier system. Meanwhile, the studies in [31–33] focus on energy efficiency in cellular multi-carrier multi-user systems for both uplink and downlink communications and they proved the existence of a unique global maximum for the energy efficiency for different systems. On contrary, the studies in [34–36] designed the system by using multiple antennas to further maximize the energy efficiency. Power load- ing algorithms with collocated and distributed antennas techniques have been pro- posed in [34] and [35], respectively. Furthermore, [36] studies the effect of using a large number of transmit antennas in orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) systems. With enormously increasing demand for mobile data and high data rates such as online high definition video streaming and video conferencing, the aggregated power requirements by user terminals may exceed the amount of power budget at each of the RRHs in the C-RAN systems. Hence, the mobile network operators may take a risk of losing the profit. One of the potential solutions to address this issue and maintain the green communication is by using local renewable energy generation [37–39]. It has been investigated that energy harvesting devices installed at the RRHs can harvest energy from natural renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. Therefore, C-RANs with renewable energy technologies can be self-sustained and energy-efficient in providing ubiquitous service coverage.
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