Philosophical Foundations. The parties agree that there are five philosophical foundations in serving students with disabilities. They are: student-centered decisions, equal access, right to service, respect for human dignity, and least restrictive environment. Student Centered Decisions This principle is the central focus of special education. It reflects the essential premise that all decisions related to a student with a disability are made by a team that works cooperatively to determine, implement, and evaluate services based on the needs of the individual student. Equal Access The parties are committed to the principle of equal access for all students. Students with disabilities are guaranteed equal access to programs and services for the general student population and a free appropriate public education (FAPE) through specially-designed instruction by qualified personnel.
Philosophical Foundations debt to phenomenology Prior to his elevation to the papacy, Xxxx Xxxx had published two books known in English as Love and Responsibility (1960; English edition 1981) and The Acting Person (1969; English edition 1979), that provide the philosophical foundations for, and are precursors of, his theology of the body. Xxxx Xxxx offered both a critique and an alternative to the dominant twentieth- century attitude to materiality, derived from Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx, that materiality is value-free and something exterior to the person. The Cartesian mechanistic view of nature posited matter as an object over which the human could, and should, exercise power; the world being on this account, inhospitable. According to such a world view, there is no network of relations in which man and the rest of the natural order participate, so there is no conception of a unified natural order. The beauty of nature that man perceives is held to have no meaning; worse, to be a deceit. Man’s only hope of finding meaning, on this account, is to find it within himself, in his own rational thought and will. As every person, though, is embodied, constituted as matter, this scheme splits the subject into a dualism of physical exterior, and spiritual interior. Contra Gnostic and Cartesian tendencies, somatic unity points to the physical affecting the spiritual, and vice versa. It rejects any simple dualism that associates the physical with negativity; the spiritual with positivity, or that limits physicality to mere externality. Xxxx Xxxx, following Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx, upholds the unity of the person. In his “Letter to Families” (1994), he wrote that ‘man is a person in the unity of his body and his spirit. The body can never be reduced to mere matter.’12 12 Xxxx Xxxx XX, Xxxxxxxxxxx Xxxx: Letter to Families, (1994), xxxxx://x0.xxxxxxx.xx/content/xxxx-xxxx-ii/en/letters/1994/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_02021994_families.html.
