Masking of Sentinel-1 radar shadows Sample Clauses

Masking of Sentinel-1 radar shadows. Radar shadow is a term for unreachable areas by a radar signal, where no information can be gained. Such areas are commonly located in mountainous regions, around high anthropogenic structures, and along forest borders (forest lines). The extent of radar shadows increases with radar range, thus the far range section of a SAR scene is more affected by it. After preprocessing, radar shadow areas have extreme low backscatter values, and are therefore very likely to be confused with water surfaces leading to false alarms in flood detection. Radar shadows caused by mountains can be rather easily detected by analysing the SAR sensing geometry with respect to a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). This can be computed offline with a geometric observation model of the Sentinel-1 orbits, without using the Sentinel-1 SAR archive. However, a DEM may only describe the terrain elevation not the surface elevation or may have a too coarse resolution to catch finer details, thus it does not necessarily include anthropogenic structures or forests. The radar signal (at C-band) is mainly reflected at the surface leading to discrepancies with respect to a terrain model. Therefore, a geometric observation model is not applicable for such smaller structures causing radar shadows. For example, shadows on the boundary of a forest as shown in Figure 22 would be missed. Fortunately, we can make use of the fact that radar shadow depends also on the azimuthal looking angle and can be extracted by analyzing backscatter from multiple orbits in different orbit pass directions (ascending and descending). Radar shadow areas are characterized by huge differences in backscatter for opposite orbit directions, where one direction is prone to shadowing and the other to double bounce scattering effects causing high backscatter values. We analyze these differences for orbits of opposite directions, and generate a radar shadow mask for each Sentinel 1 relative orbit number (which feature a very stable viewing geometry): By comparing mean of backscatter at one orbit with mean of backscatter from orbits in the opposite direction, the extent of the orbit specific shadow areas can be estimated. For a given orbit, pixels will be masked as shadow, when the mean of backscatter at current orbit is less than -15 dB and mean of backscatter from orbits in the opposite direction is higher than -10 dB. (see also Figure 22 below for illustration). Figure 22: Radar shadow effect on the boundary of forest (columns fro...
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