Kairouan, Tunisia Sample Clauses

Kairouan, Tunisia. The Kairouan case study is the most advanced in terms of model development, with the model being all but complete. The model and its application for Kairouan are the core for two recent publications (Xxxxxx et al, 2011a and Xxxxxx et al, 2011b). In this case study, part of the model developed for Aquastress is used in a slightly modified form. Essentially, the Upper and Middle catchment elements and the El Haouareb reservoir sub-models have been retained (see Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia et al., 2008). The Aquastress model is outlined briefly below, but full details can be found in Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia et al. (2008). The major modification here is the total redevelopment of the Kairouan aquifer sub-model. This new sub-model, including all the components, is outlined later in this section. As a base to the Tunisia SDM model, some of the Aquastress Merguellil model was used. This was mainly to retain a model which has been shown to accurately reflect this particular part of the system, and to prevent duplication of effort. The portion of the Aquastress model that has been retained comprises of three main sub- models (Figure 8). The first models the very upper, and relatively simple, part of the Merguellil basin (Figure 8). Rainfall is distributed over the area and using a transform coefficient, some is converted to runoff and subsequently routed to the middle catchment sub-model. No water is stored within or abstracted from the upper catchment sub-model. The next sub-model represents the complex middle catchment of the Merguellil system (Figure 8). It receives water as input from the upper catchment sub-model. It also receives rainfall input, some of which is converted to runoff and routed either as infiltration into aquifers or into one of the 35 small dams built in the middle catchment. The middle catchment sub-model incorporates another, self-contained, sub-model that represents the functioning of these small dams. The dams receive input from rainfall and output as evaporation, pumping or infiltration into the substrate. Relationships have been derived that link the dam surface area to the water volume and the evaporate rate. Thus at each model iteration, the surface area is updated according to rainfall input and then evaporative losses are calculated along with withdrawals for agricultural use and infiltration. Then, the surface area is assessed again and a final volume at the end of that iteration is given. This procedure then repeats in the next model itera...