Clinical Effects of LF Sample Clauses

Clinical Effects of LF. Acute Attacks Most individuals who are infected with the parasite are asymptomatic or have subclinical manifestations. Clinical symptoms of infection do not appear until many years after infection. The first clinical manifestation is usually an acute attack [2]. These acute attacks are characterized by swelling, lymphatic inflammation, high fever, general malaise, chills and edema. Acute attacks are a recurrent clinical aspect of lymphatic filariasis lasting 3-15 days each and often occur several times each year [5]. Patients who have undergone an acute attack most likely have had subclinical infection for several years prior. There are several different definitions and categorizations of acute attacks in the literature, many of which overlap. Acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADL) is defined as a plaque-like area of relatively diffuse cutaneous inflammation with or without ascending lymphangitis or satellite adenitis [6]. ADL episodes typically last for several days and subside spontaneously following bed-rest [7]. Prostration, high fevers, and chills are common systemic manifestations of ADL. ADL episodes are often accompanied or followed by distal edema of the effected leg [6]. Scientific evidence has shown that ADL episodes lead to the progression of chronic lymphedema [8-11]. Acute filarial lymphangitis (AFL) involves the presence of a circumscribed inflammatory nodule or cord in the arms, legs, or breast centered on adult worms in a lymphatic tissue [6]. These attacks spread in an ascending fashion and are rarely accompanied by systemic symptoms. It is hypothesized that AFL is of filarial origin while ADL is of bacterial origin [6]. ADL (Acute adenolymphangitis) characterized by sudden onset of high fever, painful, lymph node and lymphatic inflammation and dermatolymphangioadenitis characterized by high fever, chills, myalgias, and headache as well as edematous inflammatory plaques are also commonly seen in the literature [2]. There is still much debate as to the etiology of these acute manifestations.
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