Immunology Sample Clauses

Immunology. The immunology of and host response to lymphatic filariasis is yet to be fully understood, and there is much heterogeneity of immunology among patients. Recent developments have provided more information on its relation to the clinical pathology and infection status. One of the most characteristic immunologic profiles is the down- regulation of the immune response among chronic filariasis patients [25], yet responses to other antigens remain normal. On the cellular side of the immune response, studies have shown that amicrofilaremic individuals usually have strong T helper cell type 1 (Th-1) anti-parasitic responses while microfilaremic individuals have strong Th-2 responses [26, 27]. Lymphedema patients (microfilaremic negative) are often found to have low interleukin (IL)-10 levels and elevated IFN-γ levels. In a study of immunologic response and its association with lymphedema severity in Tanzania, it was found that IFN-γ levels were significantly elevated among asymptomatic uninfected individuals, as well as uninfected individuals with chronic lymphedema and elephantiasis [28] compared to infected, but asymptomatic LF patients. IL-4 levels were also elevated, but not to the same extent. The cellular immune response was also explored in relation to circular filarial antigen (CFA) and microfilaremia (mf) status. IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were elevated among CFA (-) and mf (-) patients, while they were lower among CFA (+) and mf (+) individuals. IL-10 was elevated among mf (- ) and CFA (+) individuals. Furthermore, IL-10 was lowered when pathology was present among patients, suggesting it may play a protective role for the parasite. Concerning the humoral immune response, it has generally been found that lymphedema patients (who are typically CFA (-) and mf (-)) have elevated levels of XxX0, XxX0, XxX0, and IgE compared to asymptomatic patients, while patients with active infection have higher IgG4 xxxxxx [00, 30]. Also, the ratio of IgG4/IgE is high among individuals with active infection, while it is lower among CFA (-) and mf (-) persons [29, 31]. The development of pathology and elimination of circulating parasites is associated with higher IGE/IgG4 ratios and expansion of other IgG subclasses [29]. This ratio has been important in understanding parasite survival and immunity. The IgG4 isotype is thought to be protective for the filarial parasite by stopping the release of human histamine. XxX is believed to be involved in the killing of the parasite thro...
Sample 1
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Immunology. The Union shall keep the notified in of all Union Representatives as well as the effective date of their respective The Hospital will recognize a grievance committee Division of two (2) members to be elected or appointed from the unit. One member shall be chairperson. The purpose of the committee is to deal with grievances as set out this Collective Agreement. The number of employees on the grievance shall be determined locally.
Sample 1
Immunology. 2.1 Immune system The immune system protects the human body against diseases by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. In order to function properly the cells of the immune system must distinguish between the own healthy cells and pathogens like virus, bacteria and parasites. The innate immune system attacks pathogens in a non-specific manner. The human immune system is able to adapt over time to recognize pathogens more efficiently and creates immunological memory. This part of the immune system is referred to adaptive or acquired immunity.
Sample 1

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