CARBONYL COMPOUNDS: ALDEHYDES AND KETONES Sample Clauses

CARBONYL COMPOUNDS: ALDEHYDES AND KETONES. Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds containing the carbonyl functional group, C=O. Aldehyde has the general formula, RCHO while ketone has the general formula RR’CO where R and R’ are alkyl or aryl groups. An aldehyde or ketone will undergo a general reaction with Xxxxx reagent, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2, 4-DNPH), to produce 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone which will appear as orange or yellow precipitate. This reaction is commonly used to ascertain the presence of a carbonyl group in a compound. Aldehydes can be distinguished from ketones through several tests. One test involves the use of a Schiff's reagent which will produce a violet-pink solution with aldehydes but not ketones. Some aromatic aldehydes such as vanillin also give a negative result with Xxxxxx’x test. Another test that can distinguish aldehydes from ketones is through weak oxidizing agents such as the Tollen's reagent (ammonium nitrate complex in ammonia solution). A positive reaction is indicated by the formation of a silvery mirror on the side of the tube. Iodoform test is a useful test for the identification of methyl ketones and secondary methyl carbinols. This test involves a reaction in which the methyl group of the ketone is removed from the molecule and produces iodoform (CHI3) (see equation below). A positive test is indicated by the formation of yellow precipitates or suspension of iodoform. Secondary alcohols with a methyl group adjacent to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group such as ethanol can be oxidized to methyl ketones by “iodine bleach” or hypoiodite. Hence, alcohols such as ethanol will also produce yellow iodoform precipitates as methyl ketones in an iodoform test. PROCEDURE The following carbonyl compounds are provided for the tests below: Aldehydes: propanal and benzaldehyde Ketones: propanone and acetophenone
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