2G Ethanol Sample Clauses

2G Ethanol. Ethanol is usually made by the fermentation of a carbohydrate (starch, sugar or cellulose) to the alcohol, followed by distillation and other processing to make it suitable for use as a fuel, solvent, chemical feedstock or for alcoholic beverage consumption. 2G ethanol uses cellulose as feedstock instead of sugar or starch. 2G ethanol has full substitution potential with reference to 1G ethanol. Considerable research is being focused on developing processes that can produce ethanol from low-cost, non-food feedstocks. The industry is hoping to develop economical cellulosic ethanol, derived from the fermentation of cheap forms of biomass. Fuel constitutes the single largest single use of ethanol by far. However, there are many other applications, ranging from alcoholic beverages to chemical feedstocks, antiseptics, antidotes, solvents and others. Ethanol is used as a base chemical for other organic compounds. These include ethyl halides, ethyl esters, diethyl ether, acetic acid, ethyl amines, and, to a lesser extent, butadiene. It is used as an antiseptic in medical wipes and in most common antibacterial hand sanitizer gels at a concentration of about 62% v/v as an antiseptic. Ethanol kills organisms by denaturing their proteins and dissolving their lipids and is effective against most bacteria and fungi, and many viruses, but is ineffective against bacterial spores. Ethanol works as an antidote against poisoning by other more toxic alcohols, in particular methanol and ethylene glycol, by successfully competing for the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, lessening metabolism into toxic aldehyde and carboxylic acid derivatives. Ethanol is miscible with water and is a good general purpose solvent. It is found in paints, tinctures, markers, and personal care products such as perfumes and deodorants. It may also be used as a solvent or solute in cooking, such as in vodka sauce. Global production of conventional ethanol was around 86 bln litres in 2010, compared to 74 bln litres in 2009. The United States and Brazil are the world's top producers, accounting together for 90% of global production. Most conventional ethanol (approximately 70% of global production) is derived from the fermentation of sugar crops, including sugarcane, sugar beets or molasses. Brazil and many tropical countries use sugarcane or molasses, while France, the largest producer in Europe, uses mainly sugar beets. The United States and eastern Canada use mainly corn kernels; in western Canada, whea...