Primary Independent Variables Sample Clauses

Primary Independent Variables. Ideal Points. I rely on the interinstitutional ideology estimates of Xxxxxx (2007) to identify the ideal points of Congress and the Court. Xxxxxx relies on “bridge” observa- tions that provide fixed references against which the preferences of presidents, senators and justices can be estimated and compared. These “bridge” observations record posi- tions taken by actors on issues before another institution. For example, when a president issues a statement expressing agreement with a Supreme Court decision, he provides a “bridge” that allows his preferences to be mapped into the same space as the Court. Sim- ilarly, intertemporal bridges exploit information about position taking by individuals on earlier votes in Congress and the Court. When a Supreme Court justice writes that an earlier case was “wrongly decided,” she creates a bridge that allows her preferences to 4The measures of ideal points for Congress are discussed below. be compared to those of justices who voted in the antecedent case, even if they did not serve together. Bridge observations for presidents are based on amicus filings by the So- licitors General and presidential statements on Supreme Court decisions. Congressional positions on Court cases are derived from statements in support or opposition to spe- cific decisions, amicus filings by members of Congress, sponsorship of legislation that explicitly or implicitly takes a position on Supreme Court cases, and roll–call votes that explicitly take a position on specific Supreme Court cases. Observations for justices tak- ing positions on cases from previous courts are taken from written opinions. Preferences are constrained to one dimension and are based on votes and cases related to the “ma- jor topics addressed by the courts in the postwar area, including crime, civil rights, free speech, religion, abortion, and privacy” (Xxxxxx 2003, 441). The model is a standard ran- dom utility model that builds on the “canonical formulation of latent preferences in the ideal point estimation literature” (Xxxxxx 2003, 440). I believe the Xxxxxx (2003) scores are superior to the measures used by many scholars that rely on a transformation of Xxxxxx & Xxxxx’x (2002) ideal point estimates of Supreme Court justices. The transformation allows the direct comparison of the Supreme Court ideal points with Xxxxx & Xxxxxxxxx’x (1997) estimates of congressional and presidential ideal points. (The transformation is introduced by Epstein, Martin, Xxxxx & Westerland (...
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