Models of gonococcal infection Sample Clauses

Models of gonococcal infection. With no new antibiotics currently in development, understanding mechanisms of virulence and antibiotic resistance utilized by the gonococcus is critical to facilitate the discovery of new therapies and ways to overcome resistance. Because N. gonorrhoeae is a human-specific pathogen, however, in-depth study of pathogenesis in vivo can be difficult. A human male volunteer urethral infection model has been used extensively in research and provided insight into multiple characteristics of gonococci during infection, but due to ethical implications and other considerations, types of studies using this model are limited (51). Chimpanzees, our closest primate relatives, may be experimentally infected with N. gonorrhoeae, but more distantly related primates are not readily colonized, and the expense of primate models, along with other considerations, limit use of this model (11). Recently, a female BALB/c mouse model of lower urogenital tract infection has been developed, and has been an excellent tool in better understanding gonococcal virulence and antimicrobial resistance in vivo (121, 122). In addition, several ex vivo cell and organ culture systems have been developed and can lend further insight into gonococcal pathogenesis (72). Information gained from research with these models in combination with in vitro laboratory studies has offered insight into virulence factors important in gonococcal pathogenesis (discussed in Section III) and mechanisms by which gonococci develop resistance to antimicrobials (discussed in Section IV).
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