TERMINOLOGIES AND TAXONOMIES Sample Clauses

TERMINOLOGIES AND TAXONOMIES. It is important to be clear about what we mean by safety and security, particularly if we are attempting to identify what the two domains have in common and how they differ. The dependability taxonomy presented in [30] provides a way of addressing this issue. According to this taxonomy, safety and security can both be viewed as forms of dependability, which is defined as “the ability of a system to deliver a service that can justifiably be trusted”. The service delivered by a system is its behaviour as perceived by its users, which might be other systems. Correct service is delivered when the system implements the intended system function. A failure occurs when the delivered service deviates from the correct service. The underlying cause of the failure is called a fault and the manifestation of the fault within the system is called an error. The failure of a component at one level of the system manifests itself as a fault at the next level of the system, so there is a causal chain of fault propagation between different levels of the system. The dependability taxonomy includes a detailed classification of different kinds of faults and failures, which can be used to explain the distinction between safety and security.
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Related to TERMINOLOGIES AND TAXONOMIES

  • Subsidies and Countervailing Measures 1. The rights and obligations of the Parties relating to subsidies and countervailing measures shall be governed by Articles VI and XVI of the GATT 1994 and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, except as provided for in paragraph 2.

  • Taxation Measures 1. Except as provided in this Article nothing in this Agreement shall apply to taxation measures. 2. Nothing in this Agreement shall affect the rights and obligations of the Parties under any tax convention. In the event of any inconsistency between the provision of this Agreement and any such convention, the provisions of that convention shall apply to the extent of the inconsistency. 3. Without prejudice to the application of paragraph 2, the disciplines referred to hereinafter shall apply to taxation measures: (a) Article 7 (National Treatment) of Chapter 2 (National Treatment and Market Access for Goods) and such other provisions of this Agreement as are necessary to give effect to that Article to the same extent as does Article III of the GATT 1994; and (b) Article 106 (National Treatment) of Chapter 8 (Trade in Services), subject to the exceptions provided for in Article XIV letters (d) and (e) of the GATS, which are hereby incorporated. 4. The provisions of Article 133 (Expropriation) and Annex 9 (Expropriation) of this Chapter shall apply to taxation measures alleged to be expropriatory. 5. The provisions of Article 139 (Investor-State Dispute Settlement) apply with respect to paragraph 4 of this Article. 6. If an investor invokes Article 133 (Expropriation) and Annex 9 (Expropriation) of this Chapter as the basis of a claim to arbitration according to Article 139 (Investor-State Dispute Settlement), the following procedure shall apply: The investor must first refer to the competent tax authorities described in subparagraph 7(c), at the time that it gives written notice of intent under Article 139 (Investor-State Dispute Settlement), the issue of whether the tax measure concerned involves an expropriation. In case of such referral, the competent tax authorities shall consult. Only if, within 6 months of the referral, they do not reach an agreement that the measure does not involve an expropriation, or in case the competent tax authorities of the Parties fail to consult with each other, the investor may submit its claim to arbitration under Article 139 (Investor-State Dispute Settlement). 7. For purposes of this Article: (a) taxation measures do not include: (i) a customs duty; or (ii) the measures listed in exceptions (b) and (c) of the definition of customs duty; (b) tax convention means a convention, or other international arrangement on taxation, to avoid double taxation; and (c) competent tax authorities means: (i) for China, the State Administration of Taxation; and (ii) for Peru, the Ministry of Economy and Finance, or its successor.

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  • Non-Tariff Measures 1. Neither Party shall adopt or maintain any non-tariff measures, including quantitative restrictions, on the importation of any good of the other Party or on the exportation or sale for export of any good destined for the other Party, except in accordance with its rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement or as otherwise provided for in this Agreement.

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