Impact on long distance travel Sample Clauses

Impact on long distance travel. Recent work by XxXxxxxx et al. (2016) has addressed the specific issue of AVs’ potential impacts on long-distance personal travel. They point out that “(l)ong-distance travel decisions (…) are significantly more influenced by costs and travel time than daily travel (…) due to the increased time and cost investments inherent to this travel.” This is also the market segment where the impact of automation on the opportunity cost of time and on the stress linked to travel is likely to be the largest. As a consequence, this is a market segment where the introduction of AVs has an important potential effect on the frequency and the length of the trips people are willing to undertake. 139 h ttps://xxx.xxxxxxxx.xxx/xxxxx/0-xxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxx-xxxx-xxxxxx-xxxxxxxx-xxxxxxx?trk=hp- feed-article-title-like In their work, AVs are simulated as a new travel mode “with lower perceived travel time costs (via lowered values of travel time en route) and higher travel costs (to reflect the initially high price of complete vehicle automation).” The emphasis of their work is on competition with air travel – as high speed rail is not considered as an alternative for long distance travel, the specific quantitative results of this study are of limited interest for a European context. An interesting observation which is also highly relevant for Europe is that “new frameworks such as the Shared Autonomous Vehicle (SAV), or on-demand driverless shuttle or taxi (…) could dramatically reduce costs associated with the first- and last-mile portions of an airport trip (…) SAVs could help improve travel local travel options at the destination city and lower costs for air travelers, many of whom may previously have relied on taxis or car rentals.” Thus, in the long distance market segment, AVs can act both as substitutes and as complements for air travel (or for high speed rail). Some operators have already understood this potential. For instance, Deutsche Bahn has confirmed its intention to add automated vehicles to its system in order to offer a door-to-door transit service (Deutsche Bahn 2016).