Formal marking Sample Clauses

Formal marking. The formal characteristics of the CJ/DJ alternation in Makhuwa-Enahara were presented in section 2.6.5 of chapter 2, and the forms in different conjugations are listed and described in section 2.5 of that chapter. The basic data are repeated and extended here. A very salient and easily detectable difference between the verb forms is their sentence-final distribution: the CJ form needs to be followed by some other element, while the DJ form can occur sentence-finally, although it does not need to. This is why the CJ form is followed by an object in (679)-(682). The segmental morphological marking of the two verb forms is quite different for the four basic conjugations in which the CJ/DJ distinction exists, as shown in (679)-(682). In the present DJ form, the XX XXX marker (-naa-) could be analysed as a combination of a present tense marker (-n-) and a DJ morpheme (-aa-). However, in the present perfect the same distinction exists, but it is hard to segmentalise a DJ morpheme. Therefore, I would rather speak of distinct TAM markers than of a separate DJ xxxxxxxx, and regard them as different paradigms. As in other Bantu languages, however, the preverbal TAM markers tend to be more complex in the DJ form. (679) CJ ni-n-thípá nlittí 1PL-PRES.CJ-dig 5.hole ‘we dig a hole’ DJ ni-náá-thípá 1PL-PRES.DJ-dig ‘we are digging’ (680) CJ ni-thip-alé nlittí 1PL-dig-PERF.CJ 5.hole ‘we have dug a hole’ DJ n-oo-thípá 1PL-PERF.DJ-dig ‘we have dug’ (681) CJ n-aa-thípá nlittí 1PL-IMPF.CJ-dig 5.hole ‘we dug a hole’ DJ n-aánáa-thípá 1PL-IMPF.DJ-dig ‘we were digging’ (682) CJ n-aa-thip-álé nlittí 1PL-PAST-dig-PERF.CJ 5.hole ‘we had dug a hole’ DJ n-aahí-thípa 1PL-PAST.PERF.DJ-dig ‘we had dug’ Although Katupha (1983:128) states that the CJ/DJ distinction is absent in negative constructions, Xxxxx Xxxxx (1960) gives a negative counterpart for both the “independent” and the “subordinated” tenses. The negative verb forms which would qualify as CJ are not very easily noticeable, but the full paradigm does exist in the negative as well, as shown in (683) to (686). The main difference between the two verb forms is in the negative marker here, which is the initial kha- for the DJ forms, and the post-initial -hi- for the CJ forms. Combined with the past tense marker -aa- the negative marker surfaces as -khaa- or -haa-. The negative morphemes themselves are not glossed as CJ or DJ, since the negative morpheme -hi- also occurs in negative conjugations that do not have a CJ/DJ alternation. I...
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