Fires (UU) Sample Clauses

Fires (UU). ‌ The scientific criteria associated with fire models are dependent on the model application domain under consideration such as : microflames; free, impinging and attached jet fires; indoor jet fires, etc. Microflame models are associated with extremely small flow rates and are used to simulate laminar flows. These models include chemistry, which identifies the reaction zone not only by temperature but also through the presence of radicals at particular concentrations. Microflame models should reproduce the available experimental data detailing the quenching, i.e. at lower flow rates, and the blow-off, i.e. at higher flow rates, and limits of combustion for different nozzles. The flame lift-off and blow-off phenomena remain an active area of combustion research. The effect of heat losses from a microflame to the solid material of a “burner” could be of importance for the quantitative reproduction of experimental data. Free jet flame models are expected to reproduce flame length for different regimes, including subsonic, sonic and supersonic flows, expanded and under-expanded jets, buoyancy-controlled and momentum-dominated releases, etc. In order to achieve a reasonable calculation time, especially when considering a large-scale problem, it may be useful under certain circumstances to neglect compressibility effects and start simulations from a notional nozzle as a boundary source (XXXXXX consortium, D2.2 n.d.). A notional nozzle concept in conjunction with an appropriate choice of turbulence intensity and length scale in the notional nozzle exit could be applied to simulate under-expanded jet fires. The ‘volumetric source’ method could be applied to simulate jet fires emanating from the blowdown of high-pressure storage tanks. Indoor fire models are expected to include chemistry to reproduce both well-ventilated and under- ventilated fires, including regimes of self-extinction of a flame and formation of an external flame attached to the vent. In the latter regime there is no combustion within the enclosure. However, when considering scenarios such as open atmosphere jet fires the inclusion of chemistry may not be necessary. Indoor or impinging jet fire models should also include wall treatment strategies such as the standard log-law wall function. The quality of a grid and the inclusion of an external domain have to be considered and appropriately implemented in order to reproduce, when applicable, a two-way flow in the vent(s) which is necessary for rea...
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