Effect on Antioxidant Defenses Sample Clauses

Effect on Antioxidant Defenses. As mentioned in section 1.3.1 oxidative stress is thought to play a key role in the pathophysiological actions of the aforementioned pollutants, thus it is relevant to consider the pollutant’s capacity to overwhelm antioxidant defences by reviewing their antioxidant impact within the controlled human exposure setting. A summary of relevant studies is presented in Table 2. These studies reveal complex antioxidant responses following exposure to air pollutants. Indicativelly, one of the few studies quantifying the response of low molecular weight antioxidants in the human RTLF to NO2, exposed healthy participants (n=44) to 2ppm of NO2 for 4h in a double blind crossover design. Xxxxx and colleagues (1996) demonstrated that in the bronchial region there was a rapid decrease of uric acid and ascorbic acid at the 1.5h interval, at the following interval (6h) ascorbic acid concentration returned to baseline values while uric acid was elevated and the values returned to normal 24h after the exposure. Interestingly, the reduced glutathione levels showed a different pattern and were increased at both the 1.5 and 6h intervals [128]. Thus, this was one of the first studies to establish that NO2 can modulate antioxdant responses in humans and that antioxidants present in the lung can react differently with NO2 leading to diverse effects [128]. In a later study, the impact of consecutive exposures to NO2 was investigated by exposing healthy participants to NO2 on four successive days under the same conditions that were utilised in the aforementioned study. The results supported an attenutation of the antioxidant depletion capacity of the NO2 as there were no significant chnages in antioxidant concetration and only signs of increased neutrophil levels in the bronchial wash [240]. A similalry low reactivity of NO2 was observed when healthy subjects were exposed to 2ppm of NO2 for 4hours [214]. In this study there was no sign of respiratory obstruction (FEV), or changes in the antioxidant and inflammatory markers measured, there was however an increase in cellular glutathione of bronchoalveolar lavage at 16h [214]. Given that a single time point was used, prior changes cannot be excluded, however these studies support that NO2 is less reactive than O3. Indeed, exposure of healthy adults to O3 at concentration levels that were 1/10 lower than the ones used for NO2 resulted in a significant decrease of urate levels in nasal lavage collected 1h into the exposure, and immediat...
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