Distant-Future and Existing Autonomy Sample Clauses

Distant-Future and Existing Autonomy. Of course, autonomy is not a static concept, but is an incrementally advancing capability. Thus, LAWS will continue to develop into much more advanced (bipedal) systems in the longer term, as current projects in both the public sector137 and private sector138 suggest. However, because of the more distant time horizons, these will be excluded from the scope of this thesis. Equally, there is a plethora of currently-fielded weapon systems that incorporate autonomy to a greater or lesser degree in various functions. Again, these will be excluded from the scope of this thesis, but for the reason that they already operate under existing LOAC. These systems include: • Remotely-piloted systems, such as the Predator and Reaper drones, which have a ‘man-in-the-loop’ both for selecting and engaging targets. • Semi-autonomous weapons, such as precision-guided munitions, which automatically engage specific targets that have been pre-selected by humans. 134 Xxxxxxx (n 103); Homayounnejad (n 117); Homayounnejad (n 122). 135 Xxxxx Xxxxxxx, ‘The Future is Now: Navy’s Autonomous Swarm Boats can Overwhelm Adversaries’, Office of Naval Research News & Media Center (5 October 2014) xxxxx://xxx.xxx.xxxx.xxx/en/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2014/autonomous-swarm-boat-unmanned- caracas> accessed 10 May 2018 (reporting on the Control Architecture for Robotic Agent Command and Sensing (CARACaS) system). 136 Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, ‘Chinese Robo-Boats Swarm the South China Sea’, War is Boring (31 May 2018) <xxxxx://xxxxxxxxxxx.xxx/dozens-of-chinese-robot-boats-swarm-the-sea/> accessed 3 June 2018. 137 For example, in 2013 the Defense Advanced Project Research Agency (DARPA) allocated $7 million to the Avatar Project, which aims to enable human soldiers to partner with a semi-autonomous bipedal robot surrogate. See DARPA, ‘Justification Book Vol. 1: Research, Development, Test & Evaluation, Defense-Wide’, Department of Defense FY 2013 President’s Budget Submission <xxxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/attachments/(2G4)%20Global%20Nav%20-%20About%20Us%20- %20Budget%20-%20Budget%20Entries%20-%20FY2013%20(Approved).pdf> accessed 10 May 2018. 138 For example, the Atlas prototype by Boston Dynamics now has “balance and whole-body skills to achieve two-handed mobile manipulation”, to enable the robot to “manipulate objects in its environment and to travel on rough terrain”. See ‘Atlas: The World’s Most Dynamic Humanoid’, Boston Dynamics <xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.xxx/robot_Atlas.html> accessed 10 May 2018. • Aut...
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