Shade/Microclimate Sample Clauses
Shade/Microclimate. The removal of canopy through logging and thinning practices opens the understory and ground to increased light and air flow. The resulting microclimate changes can change the character of the plant species, expose soils and beach sediment to desiccation, and/or alter the temperature of water bodies below through the removal of shade-inducing foliage. Timber harvesting within riparian areas reduces shade and can increase water temperatures (Hashim and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 2005).
Shade/Microclimate. Removal of trees within marine riparian areas reduces the amount of shade available (Hashim and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 2005). Shade and temperature influence photosynthesis rates of plants and metabolic rates of animals. Fluctuations in temperature can alter fish community structure and composition (▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1987; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1991; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1991; ▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1987). High water temperatures can cause behavioral changes in fish by affecting migration timing and patterns (▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1996).
Shade/Microclimate. The shade function of riparian areas is affected by many activities in the riparian area, particularly those occurring near the water’s edge. Vegetation removal can decrease shade (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1994; ▇▇▇▇ et al. 1994; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1995; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1996; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇ 2001) and increase water and beach substrate temperatures (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1987; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇ 2001; Bereitschaft 2007). ▇▇▇▇ (2006) and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. (2003) demonstrated that shoreline modifications (such as boat ramps, bulkheads, roads, and parking lots) that involve vegetation removal close to the water’s edge not only reduce shade but also lower species diversity and abundance. Maintaining native vegetation in the form of mature trees in riparian areas can provide more shade than low-lying shrubs and grasses. Decreased shade, via removal of trees can result in increased egg mortality of beach-spawning forage fishes (Pentilla 2001; Rice 2006) and reductions in diversity and abundance of invertebrate species, as well as loss of habitat structure that supports climate sensitive species (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 2003; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 2004; Tonnes 2008).
Shade/Microclimate a. Technical overview: riparian vegetation influence on shade function
b. Key findings from buffer literature and science panel