Common use of Shade/Microclimate Clause in Contracts

Shade/Microclimate. The shade function of riparian areas is affected by many activities in the riparian area, particularly those occurring near the water’s edge. Vegetation removal can decrease shade (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1994; ▇▇▇▇ et al. 1994; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1995; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1996; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇ 2001) and increase water and beach substrate temperatures (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1987; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇ 2001; Bereitschaft 2007). ▇▇▇▇ (2006) and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. (2003) demonstrated that shoreline modifications (such as boat ramps, bulkheads, roads, and parking lots) that involve vegetation removal close to the water’s edge not only reduce shade but also lower species diversity and abundance. Maintaining native vegetation in the form of mature trees in riparian areas can provide more shade than low-lying shrubs and grasses. Decreased shade, via removal of trees can result in increased egg mortality of beach-spawning forage fishes (Pentilla 2001; Rice 2006) and reductions in diversity and abundance of invertebrate species, as well as loss of habitat structure that supports climate sensitive species (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 2003; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 2004; Tonnes 2008).