Common use of Java Clause in Contracts

Java. ‌ Java is an object-oriented class-based general-purpose programming language which was developed at Sun Microsystems by a team headed by Xxxxx Xxxxxxx. It was first released in 1996 [21]. Aiming at embedded systems, Java’s predecessor, Oak, was considered to be derived from C++. Due to the lack of portability, how- ever, the team decided to design a completely new language. Though, the syntax of Java is still inspired by C and C++. In contrast to the lower-level language C++, Java does not allow pointer arith- metics. Specifically, a reference to an object is not represented by a pointer to a specific memory cell. Moreover, the language supports automatic garbage collec- tion, i.e., the programmer needs not to allocate or de-allocate memory for objects, explicitly. Java is not fully object-oriented as it supports base types for integer or boolean values, for instance. However, for each base type there exists a corre- sponding class in Java, as well. Java class definitions can be bundled to so-called packages which facilitate the re-use of class libraries [66]. In particular, the Java runtime environment comes with a huge class library including, among other things, thread classes allowing for a concurrent flow of control. A Java program is compiled to Java bytecode which is executed by the Java virtual machine (JVM). Java bytecode is generally platform-independent. There exist JVM implementations for many computers and devices. For instance, today almost every cell phone is equipped with a JVM.

Java. ‌ Java is an object-oriented class-based general-purpose programming language which was developed at Sun Microsystems by a team headed by Xxxxx Xxxxxxx. It was first released in 1996 [21]. Aiming at embedded systems, Java’s predecessor, Oak, was considered to be derived from C++. Due to the lack of portability, how- ever, the team decided to design a completely new language. Though, the syntax of Java is still inspired by C and C++. In contrast to the lower-level language C++, Java does not allow pointer arith- metics. Specifically, a reference to an object is not represented by a pointer to a specific memory cell. Moreover, the language supports automatic garbage collec- tion, i.e., the programmer needs not to allocate or de-allocate memory for objects, explicitly. Java is not fully object-oriented as it supports base types for integer or boolean values, for instance. However, for each base type there exists a corre- sponding class in Java, as well. Java class definitions can be bundled to so-called packages which facilitate the re-use of class libraries [66]. In particular, the Java runtime environment comes with a huge class library including, among other things, thread classes allowing for a concurrent flow of control. A Java program is compiled to Java bytecode which is executed by the Java virtual machine (JVM). Java bytecode is generally platform-independent. There exist JVM implementations for many computers and devices. For instance, today almost every cell phone is equipped with a JVM.