Glutathione Sample Clauses

Glutathione. Glutathione (GSH or l-ɣ-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine) was discovered in 1888 by De Rey-Pailhade and is synthesized by two enzymes; ɣ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ- GCS), which is the rate-limiting enzyme and glutathione synthetase [104]. Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of glutamic acid, glycine, cysteine and its active group is the thiol (–SH) of the cysteine residue which serves as a proton donor [105]. It is present in all mammalian tissues and is involved in practically all important biological processes including cell proliferation, apoptosis, enzyme detoxification and redox balance [105, 106]. It is a nucleophile and a reductant and therefore can react with electrophilic and oxidizing agents such as peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide, NO, lipid peroxide, superoxide and Xxxxxx reaction products [107]. All the aforementioned reactions lead directly or indirectly to the formation of glutathione disulphide (GSSG) by GSSG reductase in an NADPH dependent pathway [108]. Therefore the GSH/GSSG ratio can be used as an indicator of oxidative state and has a value >10 under normal physiological conditions [109] and, interestingly, increased GSSG levels have been shown in asthmatics [82]. Glutathione is predominantly located in the liver (5-10mM) [110] but significant concentrations are also found throughout the RTLF (50-225μM) [73, 74].
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