DE-FACTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS Sample Clauses

DE-FACTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS. There are some surprising data that arise in light of the restriction on complementizer agreement to non- presuppositional verbs which lend some support to the notion that the presence of the agreeing complementizer also means that POV heads are present, and the content of a complement clause is therefore no longer presupposed. Note the sentence in (135), an emotive-factive verb that, matching with the generalization noted above, rules out the presence of the agreeing complementizer. (135) N-esindukha mbo (*ndi) ba-keni b-ol-ile 1stSG-was.surprised that (*1stSG-that) 2-guests 2S-arrive-PST ‘I was surprised that guests arrived.’ It turns out that some speakers in fact do accept the agreeing complementizer as a (quite) marginal structure with the verb sindukha ‘be surprised’, but it triggers a very different interpretation of the verb. (136) ??n-esindukha n-di ba-keni b-ol-ile 1stSG-was.surprised 1stSG-that 2-guests 2S-arrive-PST ‘I was surprised regarding the guests’ arrival’ (see comments below) The translation offered in (136) is a best attempt to offer a one-sentence translation for the following interpretation: in (136), the speaker of the sentence was expecting the guests to come, but they in fact did not come, to the speaker’s surprise. Note that there is no added negation in the embedded clause in (136), but rather, using the agreeing complementizer here seems to force a reading where the embedded clause is no longer assumed to be true. This is consistent with an analysis that the structure that contains the logophoric operator and the agreeing complementizer are the POV heads which remove the presuppositional reading of an embedded clause. The availability of such a marginal construction such as that in (136) not surprisingly varies between speakers (with a large number rejecting it outright), but the correlation with the presupposition generalization is notable. Similar facts arise with the predicate ‘be happy’. As shown in (137), on the standard reading the agreeing complementizer is impossible in the complement of sangala ‘be happy’:
Sample 1
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Related to DE-FACTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

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