Common use of Abstract Clause in Contracts

Abstract. This is a survey of the historical development of the Spectral Xxxx- dard Model and beyond, starting with the ground breaking paper of Xxxxx Xxxxxx in 1988 where he observed that there is a link between Xxxxx fields and finite noncommutative spaces. We present the impor- tant contributions that helped in the search and identification of the noncommutative space that characterizes the fine structure of space- time. The nature and properties of the noncommutative space are arrived at by independent routes and show the uniqueness of the Spec- tral Standard Model at low energies and the Pati–Salam unification model at high energies. 1 Introduction 2 2 Early days of the spectral Standard Model 4