Common use of Triggering Clause in Contracts

Triggering. 4.3.1 What and why Triggering is intended to stimulate a collective sense of disgust amongst community members about the negative health impacts of open defecation, leading to immediate action to change behaviour and work towards an ODF community. This broad principle is true in both rural and urban contexts. However, there are issues relating to the urban context that make triggering more challenging; more targeted and repeated triggering events may be needed. In rural areas, defining and bringing together the ‘community’ is relatively clear and simple as it usually constitutes a single village, typically with shared heritage, culture and traditional leadership. Towns and cities are much larger and may be hard to sub-divide into clear units suitable for triggering. Although towns and cities tend to be broken down into administrative units, there are a number of reasons why these still present challenges for triggering:  Government administrative units may still be too large (in terms of population) for triggering in a single event, requiring further sub division.  The population within those units may be very heterogeneous in terms of o Length of time in the community o Culture, religion and even language o Migrant or transient populations not knowing one another well o A mix of landlords and tenants with difficult power dynamics. Tenants and the landlords might need to be triggered separated These factors mean that the unit of triggering is not always obvious, and we may need to consider new and creative ways of defining ‘community’ in the urban context. The lack of social cohesion found in some urban settings can discourage people from coming together in community meetings and feeling inspired to work together towards a shared common goal (total sanitation). Transient members, such as street sleepers and short term migrant labourers, may also be less inclined to participate in a group activity or be ignored by the process. Mobilising people for triggering in urban areas is a key challenge. People tend to have much busier lives. Livelihoods tend to involve waged labour, people travelling to different locations within a town or city, often working long shifts. Men and women often both work outside the home. Therefore finding a suitable time when a majority of people can participate in CLTS triggering is challenging. In an urban area, triggering may motivate people to change their sanitation situation, but the necessary actions required are more challenging than simply digging simple pit latrines as in rural CLTS. Lack of space for toilets, land tenure issues, by-laws relating to toilet standards, the practice of fixed point OD, and other such factors will lead to a different range of possible responses by communities. They may require access to appropriate latrine technologies, skills and hardware suppliers. They may need to engage with municipal service providers. Therefore, triggering needs to be well timed within the broader process of U-CLTS (i.e. after Situation & Stakeholder Analysis and some stakeholder engagement has taken place) in order that those external factors are in place or have been considered, and communities do not become immediately frustrated. The concept of sanitation in urban areas is often considered to extend well beyond ODF, embracing a wider range of issues, including handwashing, solid waste management, waste water management, or general cleanliness of the environment. Urban triggering may start with ODF and move onto other issues later, or facilitators may aim to trigger behaviour change around a range of different issues at the same time from the outset.

Triggering. 4.3.1 What and why Triggering is intended to stimulate a collective sense of disgust amongst community members about the negative health impacts of open defecation, leading to immediate action to change behaviour and work towards an ODF community. This broad principle is true in both rural and urban contexts. However, there are issues relating to the urban context that make triggering more challenging; more targeted and repeated triggering events may be needed. In rural areas, defining and bringing together the ‘community’ is relatively clear and simple as it usually constitutes a single village, typically with shared heritage, culture and traditional leadership. Towns and cities are much larger and may be hard to sub-divide into clear units suitable for triggering. Although towns and cities tend to be broken down into administrative units, there are a number of reasons why these still present challenges for triggering:  • Government administrative units may still be too large (in terms of population) for triggering in a single event, requiring further sub division.  • The population within those units may be very heterogeneous in terms of o Length of time in the community o Culture, religion and even language o Migrant or transient populations not knowing one another well o A mix of landlords and tenants with difficult power dynamics. Tenants and the landlords might need to be triggered separated These factors mean that the unit of triggering is not always obvious, and we may need to consider new and creative ways of defining ‘community’ in the urban context. The lack of social cohesion found in some urban settings can discourage people from coming together in community meetings and feeling inspired to work together towards a shared common goal (total sanitation). Transient members, such as street sleepers and short term migrant labourers, may also be less inclined to participate in a group activity or be ignored by the process. Mobilising people for triggering in urban areas is a key challenge. People tend to have much busier lives. Livelihoods tend to involve waged labour, people travelling to different locations within a town or city, often working long shifts. Men and women often both work outside the home. Therefore finding a suitable time when a majority of people can participate in CLTS triggering is challenging. In an urban area, triggering may motivate people to change their sanitation situation, but the necessary actions required are more challenging than simply digging simple pit latrines as in rural CLTS. Lack of space for toilets, land tenure issues, by-laws relating to toilet standards, the practice of fixed point OD, and other such factors will lead to a different range of possible responses by communities. They may require access to appropriate latrine technologies, skills and hardware suppliers. They may need to engage with municipal service providers. Therefore, triggering needs to be well timed within the broader process of U-CLTS (i.e. after Situation & Stakeholder Analysis and some stakeholder engagement has taken place) in order that those external factors are in place or have been considered, and communities do not become immediately frustrated. The concept of sanitation in urban areas is often considered to extend well beyond ODF, embracing a wider range of issues, including handwashing, solid waste management, waste water management, or general cleanliness of the environment. Urban triggering may start with ODF and move onto other issues later, or facilitators may aim to trigger behaviour change around a range of different issues at the same time from the outset.