Transformative Use. [12–15] The fair use doctrine ‘‘allows for transformative works that further the public discourse and the free exchange of ideas in order to promote science and the arts.’’ Baraban v. Time Warner, Inc., No. 99-CV-1569, 2000 WL 358375, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 6, 2000). To determine whether the secondary use is transforma- tive, the ‘‘question is whether the new work merely supersedes the objects of the original creation, or instead adds some- thing new, with a further purpose or dif- ferent character, altering the first with new expression, meaning, or message.’’ Xxxx Xxxxxx, 448 F.3d at 608 (quotation omitted); see Authors Guild v. Google, Inc., 804 F.3d 202, 214 (2d Cir. 2015) (‘‘[A] transformative use is one that communi- xxxxx something new and different from the original or expands its utility, thus serving copyright’s overall objective of contributing to public knowledge.’’). A sec- ondary use ‘‘can be transformative in func- tion or purpose [even] without altering or actually adding to the original work.’’ Swatch Grp. Mgmt. Servs. Ltd. x. Xxxxx- xxxx L.P., 756 X.0x 00, 00 (0x Xxx. 2014) (quotation omitted). Moreover, ‘‘courts have frequently afforded fair use protec- tion to the use of copyrighted material in biographies, recognizing such works as forms of historic scholarship, criticism, and comment that require incorporation of original source material for optimum treat- ment of their subjects.’’ Xxxx Xxxxxx, 448 F.3d at 609 (citing 17 U.S.C. § 107). The Second Circuit’s decision in Xxxx Xxxxxx all but decides this case. The defendant in that case published a coffee table book about the Grateful Dead that contained unlicensed images of concert
