Endocytic uptake pathways Sample Clauses

Endocytic uptake pathways. Endocytosis is a broad term that covers multiple distinct pathways used by cells to internalize a variety of macromolecules and can be classified into two categories; phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Phagocytosis is only performed by specialized cells such as macrophages, neutrophils and monocytes and is used to eliminate large molecules including cellular debris and large pathogens such as bacteria and yeast (Xxxxxx, S.D. and X.X. Xxxxxx, 2003). The second pathway is called pinocytosis and is present in almost all mammalian cells and includes several pathways; so far four pathways have been identified, their common feature being the uptake of macromolecules in transport vesicles. However, they differ in the protein composition and size of the vesicles as well as the intracellular trafficking (Xxxxxx, S.D. and X.X. Xxxxxx, 2003, Xxxxxx, C. and X.X. Xxxxxx, 1995). As most of these pathways share several characteristics, it remains difficult to identify which pathway the delivery vectors follow especially since the endocytic pathways themselves are not well understood. Endocytosis-interfering drugs have been used to distinguish between the different pathways and to determine the type of pathway involved. However cautious interpretation of data is recommended, as there are concerns about specificity of these drugs as well as their effect on cell viability.
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