Common use of Diet Clause in Contracts

Diet. Although nene don’t migrate long distances as many other geese do, historically, they exhibited altitudinal migration in response to seasonal changes in food availability. As noted above, nene nested in lowland areas during the rainy season. In the summer, after the goslings had fledged and could fly, nene moved to upland areas around the time when some foods (berries and some grasses) were more abundant there than in the lowlands (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1947, ▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1999, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1902). Nene are browsing grazers and forage on a variety of over 50 native and introduced plants. The majority of food items nene graze on include various fruits of several species of shrub, leaves and seeds of grasses and sedges, and leaves and flowers of various herbaceous composites (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1947, ▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1999, Black et al. 1994, USFWS 1999). Nene are opportunistic in their choice of food plants and the composition of their diet depends largely on the composition of the vegetation in the habitat and since most habitats in Hawaii are highly altered, there is a high proportion of non- native foods to which nene have apparently adapted to foraging on (▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1999, Black et al. 1994, USFWS 1999, Woog 2000). It seems apparent that this adaptability has allowed nene to survive in marginal habitats to which they were pushed as their traditional habitats were lost (▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1999, Black et al. 1994). However, observers have expressed concern regarding whether the modified habitats are truly providing adequate nutrition for breeding females and for goslings and it is hoped that work on a nene food database and other research efforts will be useful in developing habitat restoration techniques and management efforts for nene recovery work (▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇ 1995, ▇▇▇▇▇ 1992, ▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1999, Black et al. 1994, Hu 2000, USFWS 1999, Woog 2000). Some native foods that have been shown to have a high occurrence in droppings include ohelo (Vaccinium reticulatum) and pukiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae) berries, and hair grass (Deschampsia nubigena) (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1947, Black et al. 1994). Some non-native plants that are frequently used as forage by nene include Kikuya grass (Pennisetum clandestinum), Yorkshire fog or mesquite grass (Holcus lanatus), rattail grass (Sporobolus africanus), and gosmore (Hypochoeris radicata) (Black et al. 1994).

Diet. Although nene don’t migrate long distances as many other geese do, historically, they exhibited altitudinal migration in response to seasonal changes in food availability. As noted above, nene nested in lowland areas during the rainy season. In the summer, after the goslings had fledged and could fly, nene moved to upland areas around the time when some foods (berries and some grasses) were more abundant there than in the lowlands (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1947, ▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1999, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1902). Nene are browsing grazers and forage on a variety of over 50 native and introduced plants. The majority of food items nene graze on include various fruits of several species of shrub, leaves and seeds of grasses and sedges, and leaves and flowers of various herbaceous composites (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1947, ▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1999, Black et al. 1994, USFWS 1999). Nene are opportunistic in their choice of food plants and the composition of their diet depends largely on the composition of the vegetation in the habitat and since most habitats in Hawaii are highly altered, there is a high proportion of non- non-native foods to which nene have apparently adapted to foraging on (▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1999, Black et al. 1994, USFWS 1999, Woog 2000). It seems apparent that this adaptability has allowed nene to survive in marginal habitats to which they were pushed as their traditional habitats were lost (▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1999, Black et al. 1994). However, observers have expressed concern regarding whether the modified habitats are truly providing adequate nutrition for breeding females and for goslings and it is hoped that work on a nene food database and other research efforts will be useful in developing habitat restoration techniques and management efforts for nene recovery work (▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇ 1995, ▇▇▇▇▇ 1992, ▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1999, Black et al. 1994, Hu 2000, USFWS 1999, Woog 2000). Some native foods that have been shown to have a high occurrence in nene droppings include ohelo (Vaccinium reticulatum) and pukiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae) berries, and hair grass (Deschampsia nubigena) (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1947, Black et al. 1994). Some non-native plants that are frequently used as forage by nene include Kikuya grass (Pennisetum clandestinum), Yorkshire fog or mesquite grass (Holcus lanatus), rattail grass (Sporobolus africanus), and gosmore (Hypochoeris radicata) (Black et al. 1994).