Types of Stem Cells Sample Clauses

Types of Stem Cells. Stem cells are classified into two main types according to their source of derivation, Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) and Adult Stem Cells (ASCs). In addition, a third type of stem cell, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs), has been produced as originally described by Xxxxxxxxx. iPSCs can be originated from somatic cells and reprogrammed into stem cells (Xxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx 2006). Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) Embryonic Stem Cells were first established from mouse embryos in 1981 (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxx 1981). As mentioned above, embryonic stem cells can differentiate into all lineages and cell types of the body in vitro and provide the possibility for unlimited expansion in culture because of their long-term proliferative potential. Furthermore, when transferred into in vivo environments, they can differentiate into the three embryonic germ layers. These properties make human ESCs a potential unlimited source of tissue for human transplantation (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxx 1981, Xxxxxx 1981). However, utilisation of human ESCs have been limited partly because of ethical controversies and also due to the difficult processes to produce ESCs (Zaehres and Xxxxxxx 2007). In addition, induction of adult somatic cells into a pluripotent state by direct reprogramming in vitro can result in production of patient/disease-specific stem cells to circumvent these issues. These cells are referred to as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (Xxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx 2006). However, Xxxxx and colleagues believe that transcribed genes, epigenetic landscape, differentiation potential, and mutational load of iPSCs are slightly different from true ESCs (Bilic and Xxxxxxxx 2012). Adult Stem Cells (ASCs) Adult stem cells are located in almost every tissue of the body. ASCs are thought to function in long-term tissue homeostasis, repair and replacement. In the adult they maintain tissues with a high turnover rate such as blood, intestinal epithelium and skin, by balancing stem cell self-renewal, differentiation and cell apoptosis. However, the number of cell lineages which adult stem cells may differentiate to are limited (Xxxxxx 1991, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx et al. 2001). In addition to their ability to self-renew and give rise to specific differentiated cells, ASCs exhibit a high degree of plasticity and in some cases they can even differentiate into atypical lineages (Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx et al. 2002).
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