Common use of RESEARCH BACKGROUND Clause in Contracts

RESEARCH BACKGROUND. Transit signal priority (TSP) is an operational strategy that facilitates the movement of in- service transit vehicles through signalized intersections. Because transit vehicle delays at signalized intersections typically account for 10 to 20 percent of transit vehicle running times, TSP promotes transit utilization by improving service reliability (Bakers 2002). Through customer service enhancements, the transit agency could ultimately attract more customers. As an important intelligent transportation systems (ITS) technology, TSP systems use sensors to detect approaching transit vehicles and alter signal timings, if necessary, to prioritize transit vehicle passage and improve their performance. For example, a green signal can be extended for a late transit vehicle to avoid further delay at the intersection. By reducing the waiting time of transit vehicles at intersections, TSP can reduce transit delay and travel time, thereby increasing reliability and quality of service. Implementation of TSP gives transit customers more dependable service through greater schedule adherence and a more comfortable ride as a result of a decreased number of stops and braking at signalized intersections. Transit riders who have experienced smoother and more comfortable rides are more likely to continue using transit services. Besides improving service, a second objective for using TSPs is to decrease costs (▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1997). Fewer stops can mean reductions in drivers’ workload, travel time, fuel consumption, vehicle emissions, and maintenance costs. Reductions in bus running times and number of stops may also lower vehicle wear and tear, and consequently lead to deferred vehicle maintenance and new vehicle purchases (▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1997). Greater fuel economy and reduced maintenance costs can increase the efficiency of transit operations. TSP can also help reduce transit operation costs, as reductions in transit vehicle travel times may allow a given level of service to be offered with fewer transit vehicles. Local transportation agencies also can benefit from TSP strategies when improved transit service encourages more auto users to switch to public transportation. Finally, reduced demand for personal car travel will help improve roadway service level. Because of the rapid population and economic growth in the greater Seattle area, traffic congestion has become an increasingly important issue. Improving transit services to reduce personal car travel demand is considered an effective countermeasure against traffic congestion. The South Snohomish Regional Transit System Priority (SS-RTSP) system was launched to improve the level of service of Community Transit (CT) buses and, thus, to help solve traffic congestion problems in the greater Seattle area.