Numerals Clause Samples
The Numerals clause defines how numbers are to be interpreted within the contract. Typically, it clarifies that if there is any discrepancy between a number written in words and the same number written in numerals, the written words will prevail. This ensures consistency and prevents disputes over numerical values, thereby reducing the risk of misinterpretation or clerical errors in contractual obligations.
Numerals. TABLE 7 presents the pattern that noun class prefixes and numeral stems in Gitonga follow to form numerals. Numerals consist of a stem and a prefix. When numerals head a phrase, the stem for the numeral one is a class 7 noun and as such takes the corresponding class prefix (‘ʝi-’). The stems for numerals two, three, and four are class 8 nouns and therefore are prefixed with that class’ prefix (‘si-’). Numerals including five and thereafter are class 5 nouns and their stems are prefixed with the class 5 noun class prefix (‘ri-’). The cardinal number system in Gitonga is a quinary one, which is common for Bantu languages, wherein the language only has five numerals and any numeral beyond five has the structure five and one, five and two, and so forth (▇▇▇▇, 1982). This is the case in Gitonga and it is illustrated in TABLE 7. TABLE 7: NUMERALS IN GITONGA [GT00735] Numeral Stem As Head As Modifier ‘one’ mo- - 5 ŋɡonro mojo 3.foot ▇.▇▇▇ ‘one foot’ ‘one’ -mwe- ʝimwejo ʝanana ʝimwejo ▇.▇▇▇ ▇.▇▇▇ ‘one day’ ‘two’ -viri siviri miɣonro miviri 4.feet 4.two ‘two feet’ ‘three’ -raro siraro mawaja mararo 6.teeth 6.three ‘four’ -na sina ‘three teeth’ mwaɣa mina 4.years 4.four ‘four years’ ‘five’ -banre ribanre ribanre miɣonro 5.five 4.feet ‘five feet’ ‘six’ ribanre na ʝimwejo ribanre na mojo misimbo 5.five CONJ ▇.▇▇▇ ▇.▇▇▇▇▇ ‘six trees’ 5 As a head, the numeral ‘one’ is always a class 7 noun that emerges as ‘ʝimwejo’. ribanre na rimwedo manra 5.five CONJ ▇.▇▇▇ ▇.▇▇▇▇▇ ‘six eggs’ ‘seven’ ribanre na siviri ‘eight’ ribanre na siraro ‘nine’ ribanre na sina ‘ten’ -▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ‘eleven’ rikumi na ʝimwejo rikumi na ʝimwejo siwoŋɡa 5.ten CONJ ▇.▇▇▇ ▇.▇▇▇▇ ‘eleven cats’ ‘sixteen’ rikumi na ribanre na ʝimwejo When numerals modify a noun, the stems of the first four numerals take the noun class prefix that corresponds to the class of the head noun. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ (1955) notes that because numeral stems function like adjectival stems, they require noun class agreement. The numeral one is unique in that it has a complicated structure wherein it consists of a noun class prefix, a stem ‘-mo-’, and suffix ‘-jo’ that resembles the demonstrative modifier suffix6 (▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1955). Moreover, the noun class prefix is absent when it modifies nouns in classes 1 and 3, as in (19-21) and without a prefix the numeral stem is realized as ‘mo-’. However, for the rest of the noun classes of the head noun, the numeral stem takes the corresponding noun class prefix and it emerges as ‘mwe-’, as in (22-23).
Numerals. The word for ‘one’ is a pronominal form, taking the pronominal prefix (PPx). The words for ‘two’ and ‘three’ are nominal forms, taking the NPx. The words for ‘four’ and ‘five’ are probably nouns, as are the words for ‘ten’ and ‘hundred’. ˚PPx:-.mó one (a minisyllabic stem) ˚NPx-vilí two ˚NPx-▇▇▇▇ three ˚ncheche 3? four ˚nnyano 3? five ˚likumí/makumí 5/6 ten ˚(i)míá/dimíá 9/10 hundred Examples of the words for ‘one’, ‘two’ and ‘three’ in some classes, followed by the other numerals. cl.3 uúmo cl.4 miviíli/mitaátu cl.9 iímo cl.10 dimbiíli/dinaátu ncheeche nnyaano likuúmi/makuúmi (i)míía/dimíía
1). Non-final numerals are given with penultimate shortening in the examples below, preceding nouns are given with penultimate lengthening. 6 = 5(+)1 nnyanó na- -.´mo 7 = 5(+)2 nnyanó na- -viíli 8 = 5(+)3 nnyanó na- -taátu 9 = 5(+)4 nnyanó na-ncheche váana nnyanó na-yuúmo six children malóóve nnyanó na-maviíli seven words dinóóndwa nnyanó na-dinaátu eight stars vyáála nnyanó na-ncheeche nine fingers 11 = 10(+)1 likúmí na- -.´mo 12 = 10(+)2 likúmí na- -viíli 13 = 10(+)3 likúmí na- -taátu 14 = 10(+)4 likúmí na-ncheeche 16 = 10(+)5(+)1 likúmí na-nnyanó na- -.´mo 20 = 10(x)2 makúmí maviíli 30 = 10(x)3 makúmí mataátu 40 = 10(x)4 makúmí ncheeche 50 = 10(x)5 makúmí nnyaano 60 = 10(x)5(+)1 makúmí nnyanó na-liímo 61 = 10(x)5(+)1(+)1 makúmí nnyanó na-límó na- -.´mo 70 = 10(x)5(+)2 makúmí nnyanó na-maviíli 71 = 10(x)5(+)2(+)1 makúmí nnyanó na-mavílí na- -.´mo 80 = 10(x)5(+)3 makúmí nnyanó na-mataátu 82 = 10(x)5(+)3(+)2 makúmí nnyanó na-matátú na- -viíli 90 = 10(x)5(+)4 makúmí nnyanó na-ncheeche 93 = 10(x)5(+)4(+)3 makúmí nnyanó na-ncheché na- -taátu 100= 10(x)10 makúmí likuúmi - (i)mía iímo 200= 10(x)10(x)2 makúmí likúmí maviíli - dimía dimbiíli thousand(s) makúmí makuúmi Ordinal numbers from ‘second’ onwards are nominal possessive constructions; this is also the case for ‘last’: -a-chihwaango (tones unknown). There is a special word for ‘first’, related to the verbal noun kutándílííka ‘to begin’: -▇▇▇▇▇/-táandi, preceded by the NPx; penultimate lengthening is optional. NPx-tá(a)ndi: ntándi kuvéléekwa, or ntáandi kuvéléekwa the first to be born mahaámba matándi, or mahaámba matáandi the first leaves mwáana ntándi, or mwáana ntáandi the first child PPx-a-Num: ▇▇-▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ the second to be born lá-ncheeche the fourth (e.g. leaf) mwáana wá-chihwaango the last child The nouns mwáánda/myáánda 3/4 ‘time, period, journey’, followed by a numeral, serve as multiplicatives. mwáánda u...
Numerals. 9.1 Simple numerals and their classifiers
Numerals. Use Arabic numerals for tables, text illustrations, chapters, plates, charts, and inserted maps or graphs.
Numerals. The basic facts about numerals, as exemplified by (12) and (13), seem unproblematic.
Numerals. The citation forms of cardinal numerals in Kukuya are listed in Table 2.21, and an example of the formation of a complex number is given in (98). Table 2.21: The cardinal numerals in Kukuya (98) pfuuná yǎ nkámá ▇▇ ▇▇ má-khúumi wá yǎ nsaama thousand and hundred nine and 6-ten ‘1997’ nine and seven Only the numbers from 1 to 6 can show concord with the head noun by tak- ing the same set of concord prefixes as adjectives (see Table 2.18), for 7 to 10 the shapes of numerals are invariant, but the concord pattern maintains for the 1 to 6 single digits in a number bigger than 10, as shown in the (99). The concord patterns of “one” and “two” are exceptional and they are displayed in Table 2.22. It remains to be investigated what the nga- stands for in the various forms of numeral “one”. 1 nguumó 2 bhóolo 3 nguumó 4 mhéele 5 ngalimó 6 mhóolo 7 ngakimó 8 bvhéele 9 ngamó 10 yhóolo Table 2.22: The nominal agreement pattern of ‘one’ and ‘two’
Numerals. Of the cardinal numerals, only the numeral ‘one’ is marked for gender: jiris in the feminine and jirity in the masculine gender. All other numerals have the same form for both genders. When counting ‘one, two, three’, and in other cases where gender is not specified, the feminine form jiris is used. In the noun phrase, the numeral one agrees in gender with the head noun: