INHALATION DOSE Clause Samples

INHALATION DOSE. For gaseous pollutants, inhalation is usually the primary route of exposure. Chemicals in the gas phase usually dissolve rapidly in either the membranes of the cells forming the respiratory tract or in the aqueous film that overlies these cells. For this reason, absorption of gases in the lungs is highly efficient and is usually about 65 to 90 percent (Piot▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇72). For the purposes of this assessment, an absorption efficiency or inhalation bioavailability of 100 percent is conservatively assumed for all gases and vapors. The following equation identifies the relevant factors in the calculation of daily dose through the inhalation route of exposure: Dose = (Air] x (10(-3) mg/ug) x (BR) x (b) ----------------------------------- WT Where: Dose = Dose received through the inhalation route (mg/kg-day) [Air] = Exposure point air concentration (ug/m(3)) 282 BR = Breathing rate (20 m(3)/day, 15 m(3)/workday) b = Bioavailability (100%) VT = Human body weight (70 kg) The estimate of average daily dose could be further adjusted to yield more realistic results by incorporating some of the following assumptions: o Assume fill area is emitting only six months out of each year to account for variable nature of releases and reduced flux rates associated with low temperatures and increased moisture from rainfall during the winter months. o Assume that the average period of residency for on-site and offsite populations is 10 years and that the average length of a job is 7 years. This assumption is consistent with the EPA's approach to estimating human exposures to formaldehyde (USEPA, 1987). o Assume more realistic (lower) worker breathing rate since facilities will employ white collar workers who do not perform physical labor requiring higher respiratory volumes. Some of these factors are incorporated in the presentation of worst-case and typical-case risks in Section 5.
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INHALATION DOSE. 4-25 4.5.1.1 Dose Calculation for Cases/Vapors ........... 4-26 4.5.2 DERMAL DOSE ......................................... 4-29 4.5.2.1 Dose Calculation for Dermal Contact ......... 4-30
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