Common use of Case Files Clause in Contracts

Case Files. As the field interviews were of limits, the logical choice was to base the empirical data on closed criminal investigations. Previous scientific studies of organized crime in the Netherlands show that case file analysis can have definite added value (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, et al., 2003; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2002; ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2000; Bovenkerk & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1996; ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇). There is also a practical advantage. The Dutch authorities allow scientists relatively open access to police case files. Researchers in other countries do not always have that advantage. Furthermore, there are fewer ethical dilemmas connected with Dutch police data than with police data in other countries. For example, the American plea bargaining strategy, i.e. defen- dants’ pleading guilty and naming accomplices in exchange for a quicker trial and a reduced sentence, does not exist in Dutch human smuggling cases. The exten- sive use of telephone taps in Dutch investigations also makes for quite objective material. Because most smugglers were too careless in their telephone conversa- tions, a ‘bug on the phone line’ acted as the next best thing to the ‘fly on the wall’ perspective. The case file research was conducted as follows. Because human smuggling has been a punishable offence in the Netherlands only since 1 January 1994, that date was chosen as the start date of the research collection. The end date was 31

Case Files. As the field interviews were of limits, the logical choice was to base the empirical data on closed criminal investigations. Previous scientific studies of organized crime in the Netherlands show that case file analysis can have definite added value (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, et al., 2003; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2002; ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2000; Bovenkerk ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1996; ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇). There is also a practical advantage. The Dutch authorities allow scientists relatively open access to police case files. Researchers in other countries do not always have that advantage. Furthermore, there are fewer ethical dilemmas connected with Dutch police data than with police data in other countries. For example, the American plea bargaining strategy, i.e. defen- dants’ pleading guilty and naming accomplices in exchange for a quicker trial and a reduced sentence, does not exist in Dutch human smuggling cases. The exten- sive use of telephone taps in Dutch investigations also makes for quite objective material. Because most smugglers were too careless in their telephone conversa- tions, a ‘bug on the phone line’ acted as the next best thing to the ‘fly on the wall’ perspective. The case file research was conducted as follows. Because human smuggling has been a punishable offence in the Netherlands only since 1 January 1994, that date was chosen as the start date of the research collection. The end date was 31