Word Seg- mentation Error definition

Word Seg- mentation Error and “Negative Error”. The fol- lowings are some example translation mistakes for each category: ### Male-Female Vocabulary Error ### SOURCE: →ူ နန် ့ ဟိ ြဗင် လား ။ Scores: (#C #S #D #I) 3 2 0 1 REF: ****** သူ မ မင်းကု ိ ြမင် သလား ။ HYP: သူ မင်း ကု ိ ြမင် သလား ။ Eval: I S S SOURCE: →ူ ကု ိယ်→ူ →ိ ဟှ ယ် ။ Scores: (#C #S #D #I) 3 1 0 0 REF: သူ မကု ိယ်သူ မ သိ ပါတယ် ။ HYP: သူ ကု ိယ်သူ သိ ပါတယ် ။ Eval: S Scores: (#C #S #D #I) 4 1 0 0 REF: ငှ ားရမ်း ထားတ့ ဲ အိမ် ေတွ ။ HYP: ငှ ား ထားတ့ ဲ အိမ် ေတွ ။ Eval: S SOURCE: လူ တု ိင်း →တတိ ရှ ိ ေက့ ဟှ ယ် ။ Scores: (#C #S #D #I) 4 1 0 0 REF: လူ တု ိင်း သတတိ ရှ ိ ြကပါတယ် ။ HYP: လူ တု ိင်း သတတိ ရှ ိ ြကတယ် ။ Eval: S SOURCE: ကျွန်ေတာ် အိ ရှ င်ေနဟှ ယ် ။ Scores: (#C #S #D #I) 3 1 0 2 REF: ကျွန်ေတာ် အိပ် **** ****** ချင်ေနတယ် ။ HYP: ကျွန်ေတာ် အိပ် ဖု ိ့ ဆနဒရှ ိ တယ် ။ Eval: I I S SOURCE: →ူ ဟှ ရတု ိင်း လှ မား ။ Scores: (#C #S #D #I) 3 2 0 0 REF: သူ က အရမ်း လှ တာပဲ ။ HYP: သူ က သိပ် လှ ေရာ ။ Eval: S S ### Word Segmentation Error ### SOURCE: အဲဝယ်ဟှ ား ကားမွန်း ဟိှုမ့ ှုဝလား ။ Scores: (#C #S #D #I) 4 1 1 0 REF: သူ မ ကား ေမာင်း မှ ာ မဟု တ်→ူ းလား ။ HYP: သူ မ ********* ကားေမာင်း မှ ာ မဟု တ်→ူ းလား ။ Eval: D S SOURCE: အယ်မု ိဇာ ပု ိဆု ိး လာဟှ ယ် ။ Scores: (#C #S #D #I) 3 1 1 0 REF: အဲဒါ ပု ိ ဆု ိး လာတယ် ။ HYP: အဲဒါ ********* ပု ိဆု ိး လာတယ် ။ Eval: D S ### Negative Error ### SOURCE: ေြဖ ေပး ဟိှု ့ ရှ စ် ေနလား ။ Scores: (#C #S #D #I) 5 1 0 1 REF: အေြဖ *** ေပး ဖု ိ့ ရှ က် ေနသလား ။ HYP: အေြဖ မ ေပး ဖု ိ့ ရှ က် ေနတာလား ။ Eval: I S SOURCE: ဝယ်ရား နှုတ်ဆက် →ွား ဟှ ။ Scores: (#C #S #D #I) 5 0 1 0 REF: သူ မ နှုတ်ဆက် မ သွား →ူ း ။ HYP: သူ မ နှုတ်ဆက် *** သွား →ူ း ။ Eval: D Where “SOURCE” is the test sentence of Dawei language, “Scores” are operation scores of the Edit Distance (▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2009), “C” is the number of correct words, “S” is the number of substitutions, “D” is the number of deletions, “I” is the number of insertions, “REF” for reference (i.e. Myanmar sentence), “HYP” for hypothesis and “Eval” is the ordered sequence of edit operations. We found that translation error of male to female vocabulary and vice versa happen be- tween Dawei-Myanmar translation such as “သူ မ” (“she” in English) to “သူ ” (“he” in ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇), “သူ မကု ိယ်သူ မ” (“herself” in English) to “သူ ကု ိယ်သူ ” (“himself” in English). The second category, paraphrasing errors are really interesting and it is also proved that two language are similar. In our paraphrasing error examples, the meanings of all reference and hypothesis pairs are the same. Some errors are just the difference between the formal (polite form) and informal written form such as “ြကပါတယ်” (polite form of ending phrase “ြကတယ်” in Myanmar conversa- tion) and “ြကတယ်”. One of the possible reasons for the word segmentation errors is inconsistent wor...

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