This Joint Filing Agreement confirms the agreement by and among the undersigned that the Schedule 13G is filed on behalf of each of the reporting person(s) identified below. Legg Mason Capital Management, Inc. By_____/s/ Andrew J....

This Joint Filing Agreement confirms the agreement by and among the
undersigned that the Schedule 13G is filed on behalf of each of the reporting
person(s) identified below.

         ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Capital Management, Inc.


         By_____/s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. Bowden___________________
                ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇, Senior Vice President


         ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Value Trust, Inc.


         By____/s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Merz_________________________
               ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇, Vice President