JOINT FILING AGREEMENT
In accordance with Rule 13d-1(k) (l) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the attached Schedule 13G, and any and all amendments thereto, and expressly authorize Invesco Ltd., as the ultimate parent company of each of its undersigned subsidiaries, to file such Schedule 13G, and any and all amendments thereto, on behalf of each of them.
Dated: 12/31/2014
By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Name: ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Global Assurance Officer
Invesco Advisers, Inc.
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Name: ▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Chief Compliance Officer
Invesco Canada Ltd.
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Name: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Chief Compliance Officer
Invesco Trust Company
By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇
Name: ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇
Title: General Counsel
Invesco Hong Kong Limited
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Name: ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Reg. Head of Legal AP
Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH
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Name: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Head of Legal Continental Europe & Cross-Border Funds
Invesco Asset Management Limited
By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Name: ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Director of UK Compliance
Invesco Asset Management S.A.
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Name: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Deputy-CEO, Invesco Asset Management S.A
Invesco Asset Management S.A.
By: /s/ Bemard Aybran
Name: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Aybran
Title: Deputy-CEO
Invesco Asset Management Osterreich GmbH
By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇
Name: ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Head of Institutional Business D-A-CH
Invesco Management S.A.
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Name: ▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Head of Risk Governance
Invesco Taiwan Limited
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Name: ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Reg. Head of Legal, AP
Invesco Asset Management (Japan) Limited
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Name: ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Reg. Head of Legal, AP
Invesco Asset Management Singapore Limited
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Name: ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Reg. Head of Legal, AP
Invesco Global Asset Management Limited
By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇’▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Name: ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇'▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Head of PMO, EU
Invesco PowerShares Capital Management
By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇
Name: ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Chief Compliance Officer
Invesco Investment Advisers, LLC
By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Name: ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Chief Compliance Officer
Invesco Australia Ltd.
By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Name: ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Compliance Manager