Powering. Power enclosure with 115 VAC integration and backup uninterruptible power supply with a minimum of five (5) days of autonomy in the event of AC power loss.
Powering. Figure 14 shows the batteries mounted on the first prototype. The three visible blocks surrounded by a soft polystyrene external hull (applied for protection, buoyancy and better aesthetics) are constituted by 2 serial (2S) lithium polymer (li-po) cells (nominal value at 3.7V per cell). This configuration causes a break to the travelling wave, along the robot. This interruption acts as an unnatural movement and reduces the strength of the magnetic muscle-like actuators by increasing the distance between the vertebras. The perturbations on the travelling wave also decrease the performances and the energy efficiency of the locomotion.
Powering. Small cells products consume much lower power compared to macro base stations due to a reduced coverage area (e.g. less transmit powers) and the less requirement for site support infrastructure (e.g. cooling systems). Table 5 exemplifies the differences in the transmit powers for various base station classes specified by 3GPP TS 36.104, providing comparative figures for wide area (macro) base stations and other various small cell base station types. In this case, the rated total output power of the base station refers to the mean power for a base station operating in single carrier, multi-carrier, or carrier aggregation configurations that the manufacturer has declared to be available at the antenna connector during the transmitter ON period. Table 5 3GPP defined rated output powers for different BS classes [3GPP2017] 3GPP BS Class 3GPP Rated Output Power Comment/Examples Wide Area BS No upper limit This class essentially refers to macro BSs. The typical output powers are 43- 48 dBm (or 20-69 W) at the antenna connector. Medium Range BS < + 38 dBm or 6.3 W Urban microcells or metrocells Local Area BS < + 24 dBm or 250 mW Picocells deployed in outdoor hotspots or indoor public spaces (e.g. concert venues) Home BS < + 20 dBm or 100 mW (for one transmit antenna port) < + 17 dBm or 50 mW (for two transmit antenna ports) < + 14 dBm or 25 mW (for four transmit antenna ports) < + 11 dBm or 12.5 mW (for eight transmit antenna ports) Enterprise small cell deployed per office Residential small cells deployed per household or room The increased network densification in 5G (more sites that require powering) implies an overall increase in network-wide energy or power consumption. The 5G small cells will consume power in a number of ways, including: For transmission purposes: to produce signals both in the radio access and in the backhaul or fronthaul segments. For computation purposes: to enable operation of the baseband unit (e.g. digital signal process) and edge cloud processing in the case of MEC implementations. These growing energy requirements put a constraint possible densification due to unsustainable site powering costs and increase in the carbon footprint with site density. Therefore, green or power- efficient small cell product designs are critical to overcome this ‘powering barrier’ to densification (e.g. see [Ge2017], and references quoted therein). The addition of 5G NR to existing LTE sites (5G NR non-standalone architecture) will initially result in...
