Phase separation Clause Samples

Phase separation. ‌ As far back as 1995, ▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇ hypothesized that phase separation in the cytoplasm, due to macromolecular crowding, is a basis for microcompartmentaliza- tion [98]. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. determined that FUS-dependent liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is important for DNA repair initiation [99]. Their experiments did not involve macromolecular crowding, but definitively showed that LLPS has important cellular functions. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. investigated LLPS of histone proteins in cells to determine its role in chromatin organization [100]. Histone proteins package cellular DNA into actively transcribed euchromatin domains as well as suppressed heterochromatin do- mains. Through in vivo (in cell) and in vitro studies, it was found that histones contribute to heterochromatin formation through reversible LLPS with DNA. In this case, the LLPS forms liquid droplets containing linker histome H1 and chromatin, and they likely govern the access of transcription factors and RNA to heterochromatin domains through charge balance, multicomponent interactions, and fluctuating levels of small molecules such as ATP. Park et al. conducted experiments and field-theoretic simulations via complex ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ sampling that suggest PEG drives LLPS by dehydration of polymers [101]. The investigation focused on the coacervate phase, an aqueous phase rich in macro- molecules such as synthetic polymers, proteins, or nucleic acids [102, 103, 104, 105, 106]. Complex coacervation (CC) is a phenomenon in which polyelectrolytes sepa- rate into a polyelectrolyte-dense phase and a polyelectrolyte-dilute phase [107]. CC is affected by a wide variety of influences, such as ionic strength, pH, polyelectrolyte concentration, molecular weight of the polyelectrolytes, as well as temperature, and crowding pressure [108]. Experimental measurements were taken through fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), within the coacervate phase, in the absence and presence of PEG. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ published a short review in 2020 titled RNA phase separation- mediated direction of molecular trafficking under conditions of molecular crowding [5]. Selective interactions and specific functions of biomolecules are controlled in a temporal- and spatial-specific manner in complex crowded environments involving numerous other biomolecules. The collective and congregative effect of biomolecu- lar properties and behaviors that facilitate specific interactions between biomolecules has attracted considerable r...