Cation Exchange Sample Clauses

Cation Exchange. Cation exchange occurs when there is an incompatibility in the electrolyte composition of injected fluids and the initial fluids saturating the soil. Cation exchange affects the transport of ions in solution and therefore may have a significant effect on the optimum salinity and the surfactant phase behavior (▇▇▇▇ et al., 1978; Fountain, 1992) and surfactant adsorption. The type and concentration of cations involved in the exchange process can also affect the hydraulic conductivity (▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1993). We use a cation exchange model based on ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇'▇ model [1982]. Cations exist in the form of free ions, adsorbed on clay surfaces, and associated with either surfactant micelles or adsorbed surfactant. The mass action equations for the exchange of calcium (κ=6) and sodium (κ=12) on clay and surfactant describe the cation exchange model as (C (C ) ) 12 = βsCm 12 Cs Cf