Useful arts definition
Useful arts means technology, and excludes both commerce and the learned professions. See, e.g., John R. Thomas, The Patenting of the Liberal Professions, 40 B.C. L. Rev. 1139, 1169-75 (1999) (discussing); Malla Pollack, The Multiple Unconstitutionality of Business Method Patents, 28 Rutgers Comp. & Tech. L.J. 61, 86-91 (2002) (same).