underdevelopment definition
underdevelopment means to develop a group, but only to the very limited extent that suits the purposes of the ‘developer’ nation (Alidou & Mazrui, 1999). This meant that although Blacks had access to education, the educational system was rigidly prescribed in terms of where and what they could learn. The intention was to limit their future career options and control their exposure to liberal thinking. The objective was to water down the quality and contents of education in order to amplify the gaps in educational opportunities between different racial groups (Byrnes, 1996). The system dictated the use of the language of Afrikaans as a medium of teaching and learning, and foregrounded Afrikaner history, culture and religion. Mathematics and mathematics- related fields of interest received little emphasis in this so-called Bantu education (Suzman, 1993). The curriculum was designed to prepare Black children for basic employment (labour level work) only. The following quotes bear testimony to the reigning political viewpoints of the time with regard to Black education (Lapping, 1987):
underdevelopment emerged, raising The article discusses the global issue of equality and the role of the Catholic Church, the pan-Africanist intellectuals, and the African politicians in the decolonization of Africa. It traces the historical events that led to the independence of Ghana in 1957 and the emergence of the cultural movement of "negritude" by ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇. It also describes the social and political grievances of the African people under the colonial rule and the influence of the Second World War on their awareness of their rights. It analyzes the reforms introduced by ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ and the Fourth Republic in 1944 and 1946, which granted citizenship and abolished forced labor and the "indigenous" code, but still favored the colonial