practical approach definition
practical approach here means personal relations were used to make direct contact with interviewees without sponsorship of any authorities or academic institutions in Vietnam. There are two explanations for this. First, it is the sensitivity of both the topic and the locations where investigation is conducted. Challenges in this regards are discussed above. Second, it is the advantage of being an insider who is a compatriot of interviewees, can speak the same language, and understand the political system and culture. This is particularly significant and helps reduce difficulties, including dangers, of doing field work on politically sensitive topics in Vietnam. It is hard for an external researcher to experience the same conditions. In what follows, practical approaches to each of three case studies are described in details.