Bidan definition
Bidan in the survey responses means a midwife in private practice, whereas “bidan-di-desa” (BDD) is different. The BDD is essentially private but has a nursing degree supplemented by one year of midwifery training by the government, who is then assigned to a village (a lower residential level than for most bidans) and is paid a government subsidy. The “Puskesmas” source refers to a fully government facility at which services are often provided by bidans on the regular staff. It is possible that some of these government bidans also give services privately but respondent reports specifying the Puskesmas must predominately refer to government personnel as the source. In all these categories the source is as obtained from the women respondents.