License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of LeidenMay 31st, 2022
FiledMay 31st, 2022This crime carries with it a long history. The Greek philosopher Socrates (c. 470–399 BC) was forced to drink the hemlock for questioning the accepted gods of Athens and encouraging the Athenian youth to ‘rebel’ against the authorities. Socrates was charged with ‘impiety’, any ‘act or expression contemptuous of the gods or depraving holy matters’470; impiety ‘signified shocking and abhorrent ideas about religion.’471 This accusation was made earlier against the Greek military commander Alcibiades (c. 450–404 BC). His encounter with the authorities over sacrilegious behaviour is recounted by the historian Leonard Levy as follows: