5,000,000 Shares
FIRST INDUSTRIAL REALTY TRUST, INC.
Depositary Shares Each Representing 1/100 of a
Share of 7.95% Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock
(Liquidation Preference Equivalent to $25.00 per Depositary Share)
UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT
January 30, 1998
▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ INC.
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
SECURITIES CORPORATION
BT ALEX. ▇▇▇▇▇ INCORPORATED
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ LYNCH, PIERCE, ▇▇▇▇▇▇
& ▇▇▇▇▇ INCORPORATED
▇.▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ SECURITIES INC.
PRUDENTIAL SECURITIES INCORPORATED
as Representatives of the several
Underwriters listed on Schedule
I hereto
c/o ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ Inc.
▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇
▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇
Dear Ladies and Gentlemen:
First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the
"Company"), proposes to issue and sell 5,000,000 depositary shares each
representing 1/100 of a share of 7.95% Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock
(Liquidation Preference Equivalent to $25.00 per Depositary Share) of the
Company, par value $.01 per share (the "Firm Shares"), to be issued under a
deposit agreement (the "Deposit Agreement") between the Company and First
Chicago Trust Company, as Depositary (the "Depositary"), to the several
underwriters named in Schedule I hereto (the "Underwriters") for whom you are
acting as Representatives (the "Representatives"). The Company also proposes to
issue and sell to the several Underwriters not more than 750,000 additional
depositary shares each representing 1/100 of a share of 7.95% Series D
Cumulative Preferred Stock (Liquidation Preference Equivalent to $25.00 per
Depositary Share), par value $.01 per share (the "Additional Shares"), if
requested by the Underwriters as provided in Section 2 hereof. The Firm Shares
and the Additional Shares are herein collectively called the "Shares." The
Shares to be outstanding after giving effect to the sales contemplated hereby
are hereinafter referred to as the Series D Preferred Stock.
1. Registration Statement and Prospectus. The Company and the Operating
Partnership have prepared and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
(the "Commission") in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act of
1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder
(collectively called the "Act"), a registration statement on Form S-3
(Registration No. 333-43641) including a preliminary prospectus relating to the
registration of the Shares and such other securities which may be offered from
time to time by the Company and/or the Operating Partnership, as the case may
be, in accordance with Rule 415 under the Act. Such registration statement (as
amended) was declared effective by the Commission on January 27, 1998. Such
registration statement (as amended), on the one hand, and the prospectus
constituting a part thereof and the prospectus supplement relating to the
offering of the Shares provided to the Underwriters by the Company (whether or
not such prospectus supplement is required to be filed with the Commission by
the Company pursuant to the Act) (the "Prospectus Supplement"), on the other
hand, including all documents incorporated therein by reference pursuant to Item
12 of Form S-3 under the Act, as from time to time amended or supplemented
pursuant to the Act, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the
rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder (collectively called the
"Exchange Act"), are referred to herein as the "Registration Statement" and the
"Prospectus," respectively; provided, however, that a Prospectus Supplement
shall be deemed to have supplemented the Prospectus only with respect to the
offering of the Shares to which it relates. Any registration statement
(including any amendment or supplement thereto or information which is deemed
part thereof) filed by the Company under Rule 462(b) of the Act (a "Rule 462(b)
Registration Statement") shall be deemed to be part of the "Registration
Statement" as defined herein and any prospectus or any term sheet as
contemplated by Rule 434 of the Act (a "Term Sheet") (including any amendment or
supplement thereto or information which is deemed part thereof) included in such
registration statement shall be deemed to be part of the "Prospectus," as
defined herein. All references in this Agreement to financial statements and
schedules and other information which is "contained," "included," "described" or
"stated" in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (and all other
references of like import) shall be deemed to mean and include all such
financial statements and schedules and other information which is or is deemed
to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or Prospectus, as
the case may be; and all references in this Agreement to amendments or
supplements to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus shall be deemed to
mean and include, without limitation, even though not specifically stated, any
document filed under the Exchange Act which is or is deemed to be incorporated
by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, as the case may
be. Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the
meanings given to those terms in the Prospectus.
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2. Agreements to Sell and Purchase. On the basis of the representations and
warranties contained in this Agreement, and subject to its terms and conditions,
the Company agrees to issue and sell the Firm Shares and each Underwriter
agrees, severally and not jointly, to purchase from the Company at a price per
share of $24.2125 (the "Purchase Price"), the number of Firm Shares set forth
opposite the name of such Underwriter in Schedule I hereto (or such number of
Firm Shares increased as set forth in Section 9 hereof).
On the basis of the representations and warranties contained in this
Agreement, and subject to its terms and conditions, the Company agrees to issue
and sell the Additional Shares, and the Underwriters shall have the right to
purchase, severally and not jointly, the Additional Shares from the Company at
the Purchase Price. Additional Shares may be purchased solely for the purpose of
covering over-allotments made in connection with the offering of the Firm
Shares. The Underwriters may exercise their right to purchase Additional Shares
in whole or in part from time to time by giving written notice thereof to the
Company within thirty (30) days after the date of this Agreement, provided that
if such thirtieth (30th) day is not a New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE")
trading day, the thirtieth (30th) day will be the next succeeding NYSE trading
day. Such notice shall specify the aggregate number of Additional Shares to be
purchased pursuant to such exercise and the date for payment and delivery
thereof. The date specified in any such notice shall be a business day (i) no
earlier than the Closing Date (as hereinafter defined), (ii) no later than seven
business days after such notice has been given and (iii) no earlier than two (2)
business days after such notice has been given, unless otherwise agreed upon by
the Underwriters and the Company. If any Additional Shares are to be purchased,
each Underwriter, severally and not jointly, agrees to purchase from the Company
the number of Additional Shares (subject to such adjustments to eliminate
fractional shares as you may determine) which bears the same proportion to the
total number of Additional Shares to be purchased from the Company as the number
of Firm Shares set forth opposite the name of such Underwriter in Schedule I
bears to the total number of Firm Shares (or such number of Firm Shares
increased as set forth in Section 9 hereof).
3. Terms of Public Offering. The Company is advised by you that the
Underwriters propose (i) to make a public offering (the "Offering") of their
respective portions of the Shares as soon after the execution and delivery
hereof as in your judgment is advisable (and, if necessary, any post-effective
amendment to the Registration Statement) and (ii) initially to offer the Shares
upon the terms set forth in the Prospectus.
4. Delivery and Payment. Delivery to the Underwriters of certificates for
and payment of the Purchase Price for the Firm Shares shall be made, subject to
Section 9, at 10:00 A.M., New York City time, on the fourth business day (or the
third
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business day if required under Rule 15c6-1 of the Exchange Act) following the
date hereof, or such other time not later than ten business days after such date
as shall be agreed upon by the Underwriters and the Company (such time and date
of payment and delivery being herein called the "Closing Date") at the offices
of ▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇. The Closing Date
and the location of, delivery of and the form of payment for the Firm Shares may
be varied by agreement between you and the Company.
Delivery to the Underwriters of certificates for and payment of the
Purchase Price for any Additional Shares to be purchased by the Underwriters
shall be made at the offices of ▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇
▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, or at such other place as you shall designate, at 10:00 A.M., New
York City time, on the date specified in the applicable exercise notice given by
you pursuant to Section 2 (an "Option Closing Date"). Any such Option Closing
Date and the location of, delivery of and the form of payment for such
Additional Shares may be varied by agreement between you and the Company.
Certificates for the Shares shall be registered in such names and issued in
such denominations as you shall request in writing not later than two full
business days prior to the Closing Date or an applicable Option Closing Date, as
the case may be. Such certificates shall be made available to you for inspection
not later than 9:30 A.M., New York City time, on the business day next preceding
the Closing Date or an applicable Option Closing Date, as the case may be.
Certificates in temporary form evidencing the Shares shall be delivered to you
on the Closing Date or an applicable Option Closing Date, as the case may be,
with any transfer taxes thereon duly paid by the Company, for the respective
accounts of the several Underwriters, against payment of the Purchase Price
therefor by intra-bank transfer or wire transfer of same day funds to such
account as may be designated by the Company at least two business days prior to
the Closing Date. Any Underwriter may (but shall not be obligated to) make
payment of the Purchase Price for the Firm Shares or the Additional Shares, if
any, to be purchased by any other Underwriter whose payment has not been
received by the Closing Date or the applicable Option Closing Date, as the case
may be, but any such payment shall not relieve such Underwriter from its
obligations hereunder.
5. Agreements of the Company and the Operating Partnership. Each of the
Company and the Operating Partnership severally agrees with you as follows:
(a) In respect of the offering of Shares, the Company will (i) prepare
a Prospectus Supplement setting forth the number of Shares covered thereby
and their terms not otherwise specified in the Prospectus pursuant to which
the Shares are being issued, the names of the Underwriters participating in
the offering and the number of Shares which
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each severally has agreed to purchase, the names of the Underwriters acting
as co-managers in connection with the offering, the price at which the
Shares are to be purchased by the Underwriters from the Company, the
initial public offering price, the selling concession and reallowance, if
any, and such other information as the Underwriters and the Company deem
appropriate in connection with the offering of the Shares, (ii) file the
Prospectus in a form approved by you pursuant to Rule 424 under the Act no
later than the Commission's close of business on the second Business Day
following the date of determination of the offering price of the Shares and
(iii) furnish copies of the Prospectus to the Underwriters and to such
dealers as you shall specify in New York City as soon as practicable after
the date of this Agreement in such quantities as you may reasonably
request.
(b) At any time when the Prospectus is required to be delivered under
the Act or the Exchange Act in connection with sales of Shares, the Company
will advise you promptly and, if requested by you, confirm such advice in
writing, of (i) the effectiveness of any amendment to the Registration
Statement, (ii) the transmittal to the Commission for filing of any
Prospectus or other supplement or amendment to the Prospectus to be filed
pursuant to the Act, (iii) the receipt of any comments from the Commission
relating to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any of the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement, (iv) any request by the
Commission for post-effective amendments to the Registration Statement or
amendments or supplements to the Prospectus or for additional information,
(v) the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the
effectiveness of the Registration Statement or of the suspension of
qualification of the Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or
the initiation of any proceeding for such purposes, and (vi) the happening
of any event which makes any statement of a material fact made in the
Registration Statement or the Prospectus untrue or which requires the
making of any additions to or changes in the Registration Statement or the
Prospectus in order to make the statements therein not misleading. The
Company will make every reasonable effort to prevent the issuance of any
stop order and if at any time the Commission shall issue any stop order
suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the Company
will make every reasonable effort to obtain the withdrawal or lifting of
such order at the earliest possible time.
(c) The Company will furnish to you without charge, such number of
conformed copies of the Registration Statement as first filed with the
Commission and of each amendment to it, including all exhibits and
documents incorporated by reference therein, and furnish to you such number
of conformed copies of the Registration Statement as so filed and of each
amendment to it and document incorporated
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by reference therein, as you may reasonably request. If applicable, the
copies of the Registration Statement and each amendment thereto furnished
to the Underwriters will be identical to the electronically transmitted
copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to ▇▇▇▇▇, except to the
extent permitted by Regulation S-T.
(d) At any time when the Prospectus is required to be delivered under
the Act or the Exchange Act in connection with sales of Shares, not to file
any amendment to the Registration Statement or any Rule 462(b) Registration
Statement or to make any amendment or supplement to the Prospectus or any
Term Sheet, if applicable, of which you shall not previously have been
advised or to which you or counsel for the Underwriters shall reasonably
object; and to prepare and file with the Commission, promptly upon your
reasonable request, any amendment to the Registration Statement, Rule
462(b) Registration Statement, Term Sheet, or amendment or supplement to
the Prospectus which, in the opinion of counsel for the Underwriters, may
be necessary in connection with the distribution of the Shares by you, and
to use its best efforts to cause the same to become promptly effective. If
applicable, the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto
furnished to the Underwriters will be identical to the electronically
transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to ▇▇▇▇▇,
except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.
(e) If, at any time when the Prospectus is required to be delivered
under the Act or the Exchange Act in connection with sales of Shares, any
event shall occur as a result of which, in the opinion of counsel for the
Underwriters, it becomes necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus in
order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances
existing when the Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, not misleading,
or if it is necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus to comply with
any law, the Company will forthwith prepare and file with the Commission an
appropriate amendment or supplement to the Prospectus (in form and
substance reasonably satisfactory to counsel for the Underwriters) so that
the statements in the Prospectus, as so amended or supplemented, will not
contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material
fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the
circumstances existing when it is so delivered, not misleading, or so that
the Prospectus will comply with any law, and to furnish to each Underwriter
and to such dealers as you shall specify, such number of copies thereof as
such Underwriter or dealers may reasonably request.
(f) The Company will use its best efforts, in cooperation with the
Underwriters, to qualify, register or perfect exemptions for the Shares for
offer and sale by the several Underwriters under the applicable state
securities or Blue
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Sky laws and real estate syndication laws of such jurisdictions as you may
reasonably request; provided, however, the Company will not be required to
qualify as a foreign corporation, file a general consent to service of
process in any such jurisdiction, subject itself to taxation in respect of
doing business in any jurisdiction in which it is not otherwise so subject,
or provide any undertaking or make any change in its charter or by-laws
that the Board of Directors of the Company reasonably determines to be
contrary to the best interests of the Company and its stockholders. In each
jurisdiction in which the Shares have been so qualified or registered, the
Company will use all reasonable efforts to file such statements and reports
as may be required by the laws of such jurisdiction, to continue such
qualification or registration in effect for so long a period as the
Underwriters may reasonably request for the distribution of the Shares and
to file such consents to service of process or other documents as may be
necessary in order to effect such qualification or registration; provided,
however, the Company will not be required to qualify as a foreign
corporation, file a general consent to service of process in any such
jurisdiction, subject itself to taxation in respect of doing business in
any jurisdiction in which it is not otherwise so subject, or provide any
undertaking or make any change in its charter or by-laws that the Board of
Directors of the Company reasonably determines to be contrary to the best
interests of the Company and its stockholders.
(g) To make generally available to the Company's stockholders as soon
as reasonably practicable but not later than sixty (60) days after the
close of the period covered thereby (ninety (90) days in the event the
close of such period is the close of the Company's fiscal year), an
earnings statement (in form complying with the provisions of Rule 158 of
the Act) covering a period of at least twelve (12) months after the
effective date of the Registration Statement (but in no event commencing
later than ninety (90) days after such date) which shall satisfy the
provisions of Section 11(a) of the Act, and, if required by Rule 158 of the
Act, to file such statement as an exhibit to the next periodic report
required to be filed by the Company under the Exchange Act covering the
period when such earnings statement is released.
(h) During the period of five years after the date of this Agreement,
the Company will furnish to you as soon as available (x) a copy of each
regular and periodic report, financial statement or other publicly
available information of the Company and any of its Subsidiaries mailed to
the holders of the Shares or filed with the Commission or any securities
exchange and (y) such other publicly available information concerning the
Company and any of its Subsidiaries as you may reasonably request.
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(i) During the period when the Prospectus is required to be delivered
under the Act or the Exchange Act in connection with sales of the Shares,
to file all documents required to be filed by it with the Commission
pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15 of the Exchange Act within the time
periods required by the Exchange Act.
(j) The Company will pay all costs, expenses, fees and taxes incident
to (i) the preparation, printing, filing and distribution under the Act of
the Registration Statement and any amendment thereto (including financial
statements and exhibits), the Prospectus and all amendments and supplements
to any of them prior to or during the period specified in Section 5(c),
(ii) the printing and delivery of this Agreement, the Deposit Agreement and
the Blue Sky Memorandum, (iii) the qualification or registration of the
Shares for offer and sale under the securities, Blue Sky laws or real
estate syndication laws of the several states in accordance with Section
5(g) hereof, (iv) the fee of and the filings and clearance, if any, with
the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. (the "NASD") in
connection with the Offering, (v) the fees charged by nationally recognized
statistical rating organizations for the rating of the Shares, (vi) the fee
of and the listing of the Shares on the New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
("NYSE"), (vii) furnishing such copies of the Registration Statement, the
Prospectus and all amendments and supplements thereto as may be requested
for use in connection with the offering or sale of the Shares by the
Underwriters or by dealers to whom Shares may be sold, (viii) the
preparation, issuance and delivery of certificates for the Shares to the
Underwriters, (ix) the costs and charges of any transfer agent or
registrar, (x) the costs and expenses of the Depositary under the Deposit
Agreement, (xi) any expenses incurred by the Company in connection with a
"road show" presentation to potential investors, (xii) any transfer taxes
imposed on the sale by the Company of the Shares to the Underwriters and
(xiii) the fees and disbursements of the Company's counsel and accountants.
(k) The Company will use its best efforts to maintain the listing of
the Shares on the NYSE for a period of two years after the Closing Date and
thereafter unless the Company's Board of Directors determines that it is no
longer in the best interests of the Company for the Shares to continue to
be so listed.
(l) The Company will use its best efforts to do and perform all things
required to be done and performed under this Agreement by the Company prior
to the Closing Date or any Option Closing Date, as the case may be, and to
satisfy all conditions precedent to the delivery of the Shares.
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(m) The Company will use the net proceeds received by it from the sale
of the Shares in the manner specified in the Prospectus Supplement under
"Use of Proceeds."
(n) The Company will use its best efforts to continue to qualify as a
"real estate investment trust" ("REIT") under Sections 856 through 860 of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), unless the
Company's Board of Directors determines that it is no longer in the best
interests of the Company to be so qualified.
(o) The Company will not at any time, directly or indirectly, take any
action intended, or which might reasonably be expected, to cause or result
in, or which will constitute, stabilization of the price of the Shares to
facilitate the sale or resale of any of the Shares in violation of the Act.
6. Representations and Warranties of the Company and the Operating
Partnership. The Company and the Operating Partnership, jointly and severally,
represent and warrant to each Underwriter as of the date hereof and the Closing
Date that:
(a) The Company and the Operating Partnership meet the requirements
for use of Form S-3, and the Registration Statement has been declared
effective by the Commission.
(b) The Registration Statement and the Prospectus, including the
financial statements, schedules and related notes included in the
Prospectus and, if applicable, any Term Sheet to the Prospectus, as of the
date hereof and at the time the Registration Statement became effective,
and when any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or Rule
462(b) Registration Statement becomes effective or any amendment or
supplement to the Prospectus is filed with the Commission, did or will
comply in all material respects with all applicable provisions of the Act
and will contain all statements required to be stated therein in accordance
with the Act. The Prospectus, including the financial statements, schedules
and related notes included or incorporated by reference in the Prospectus
and, if applicable, any Term Sheet to the Prospectus, as of the date hereof
and at the time the Registration Statement became effective, and at the
Closing Date, and when any post-effective amendment to the Registration
Statement or Rule 462(b) Registration Statement becomes effective or any
amendment or supplement to the Prospectus is filed with the Commission, did
or will comply in all material respects with all applicable provisions of
the Act and will contain all statements required to be stated therein in
accordance with the Act. On the date the Registration Statement was
declared effective, on the date hereof, on the date of filing of any Rule
462(b) Registration Statement and on the Closing Date no part of the
Registration Statement or any amendment did or will con-
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tain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material
fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the
statements therein not misleading. On the date the Registration Statement
was declared effective, on the date hereof, as of its date, on the date of
filing of any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement and at the Closing Date,
the Prospectus did not and will not contain an untrue statement of a
material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the
statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were
made, not misleading. If a Rule 462(b) Registration Statement is filed in
connection with the offering and sale of the Shares, the Company will have
complied or will comply with the requirements of Rule 111 under the Act
relating to the payment of filing fees therefor. The foregoing
representations and warranties in this Section 6(b) do not apply to any
statements or omissions made in reliance on and in conformity with
information relating to any Underwriter furnished in writing to the Company
by the Underwriters specifically for inclusion in the Registration
Statement or Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto. The Company
has not distributed, and prior to the later of the Closing Date and the
completion of the distribution of the Shares, will not distribute, any
offering material in connection with the offering or sale of the Shares
other than the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any other
materials, if any, permitted by the Act (which were disclosed to the
Underwriters and Underwriters' counsel).
(c) Each Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, if any, will comply when
so filed in all material respects with all applicable provisions of the Act
and will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to
state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the
light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; and
the Prospectus delivered to the Underwriters for use in connection with the
offering of Shares will, at the time of such delivery, be identical to the
electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission
pursuant to ▇▇▇▇▇, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.
(d) The documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by
reference in the Prospectus pursuant to Item 12 of Form S-3 under the Act,
at the time they were, or hereafter are, filed with the Commission,
complied and will comply in all material respects with the requirements of
the Exchange Act, and, when read together with other information included
and incorporated by reference in the Prospectus, at the time the
Registration Statement became effective, as of the date of the Prospectus,
and as of the Closing Date, or during the period specified in Section 5(c),
did not and will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit
to state a material fact necessary to make the state-
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ments therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were
made, not misleading. The foregoing representations and warranties in this
Section 6(d) do not apply to any statements or omissions made in reliance
on and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished
in writing to the Company by the Underwriters specifically for inclusion in
the Registration Statement or Prospectus or any amendment or supplement
thereto.
(e) The Company has been duly organized and is validly existing as a
corporation under and by virtue of the laws of the State of Maryland, and
is in good standing with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation
of Maryland. The Operating Partnership has been duly organized and is
validly existing as a limited partnership in good standing under and by
virtue of the Delaware Uniform Limited Partnership Act. Each of First
Industrial Financing Partnership, L.P. (the "Financing Partnership"), First
Industrial Securities, L.P. ("Securities, L.P."), First Industrial Mortgage
Partnership, L.P. (the "Mortgage Partnership"), First Industrial
Indianapolis, L.P. ("FII"), First Industrial Harrisburg, L.P. ("FIH"),
First Industrial Development Services L.P. ("DSG") and First Industrial
Pennsylvania Partnership, L.P. ("FIP") (the Financing Partnership,
Securities, L.P., the Mortgage Partnership, FII, FIH, DSG and FIP are
referred to collectively herein as the "Partnership Subsidiaries") has been
duly organized and is validly existing as a limited partnership in good
standing under and by virtue of the laws of its jurisdiction of
organization. FR Development Services, L.L.C. ("FRDS") has been duly
organized and is validly existing as a limited liability corporation in
good standing under and by virtue of the laws of its jurisdiction of
organization. Each of First Industrial Securities Corporation ("FISC"),
First Industrial Finance Corporation ("FIFC"), First Industrial Mortgage
Corporation ("FIM"), First Industrial Pennsylvania Corporation ("FIPC"),
First Industrial Indianapolis Corporation ("FIIC"), First Industrial
Harrisburg Corporation ("FIHC"), FI Development Services Corporation
("FIDSG"), FR Development Services, Inc. ("FRD"), FR Acquisitions, Inc.
("FRA") and First Industrial Management Corporation ("FIMC," and together
with FISC, FIFC, FIM, FIPC, FIIC, FIHC, FIDSG and FRA referred to
collectively herein as the "Corporate Subsidiaries," and the Partnership
Subsidiaries and the Corporate Subsidiaries are referred to herein
collectively as the "Subsidiaries") has been duly organized and is validly
existing as a corporation in good standing under and by virtue of the laws
of its jurisdiction of incorporation. Other than the Corporate Subsidiaries
and the Partnership Subsidiaries, no entities in which the Company owns any
equity securities constitute, individually or in the aggregate, a
"significant subsidiary" under Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X promulgated
under the Exchange Act. The Company is the sole general partner of the
Operating Partnership. FIFC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company
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and is the sole general partner of the Financing Partnership. FIM is a
wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and is the sole general partner of
the Mortgage Partnership. FISC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company
and is the sole general partner of Securities, L.P. The Operating
Partnership and FISC are the only limited partners of Securities, L.P. FIPC
is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and is the sole general partner
of FIP. FIIC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and is the sole
general partner of FII. FIHC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company
and is the sole general partner of FIH. FIDSG is a wholly-owned subsidiary
of the Company and is the sole general partner of DSG. FRDS is a
wholly-owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership. FRD is a subsidiary
controlled by the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership is the
sole limited partner of each Partnership Subsidiary (except for Securities,
L.P.). The Company, the Operating Partnership and each of the Subsidiaries
has, and at the Closing Date and, if later, at the Option Closing Date will
have, full corporate or partnership power and authority, as the case may
be, to conduct all the activities conducted by it, to own, lease or operate
all the properties and other assets owned, leased or operated by it and to
conduct the business in which it engages or proposes to engage as described
in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus and the transactions
contemplated hereby and thereby. The Company and each of the Corporate
Subsidiaries is, and at the Closing Date and, if later, an Option Closing
Date, will be, duly qualified or registered to do business and in good
standing as a foreign corporation in all jurisdictions in which the nature
of the activities conducted by it or the character of the properties and
assets owned, leased or operated by it makes such qualification or
registration necessary, ex-
-12-
cept where failure to obtain such qualification or registration will not
have a material adverse effect on (1) the condition, financial or
otherwise, or the earnings, assets or business affairs or prospects of the
Operating Partnership, the Company and their Subsidiaries, taken as a
whole, or on the 493 in service properties owned, directly or indirectly,
by the Company as of September 30, 1997 (the "Properties",) taken as a
whole, (2) the issuance, validity or enforceability of the Securities or
the enforceability of the Indenture or (3) the consummation of any of the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement, any Terms Agreement and/or the
Indenture (each a "Material Adverse Effect"), which jurisdictions of
foreign qualification or registration are attached on Schedule II hereto.
The Operating Partnership and each of the Partnership Subsidiaries is, and
at the Closing Date and, if later, the Option Closing Date will be, duly
qualified or registered to do business and in good standing as a foreign
limited partnership in all jurisdictions in which the nature of the
activities conducted by it or the character of the assets owned, leased or
operated by it makes such qualification or registration necessary, except
where failure to obtain such qualification or registration will not have a
Material Adverse Effect, which jurisdictions of foreign qualification or
registration are attached on Schedule II hereto. Complete and correct
copies of the articles of incorporation and of the by-laws of the Company,
the certificate of limited partnership and agreement of limited partnership
of the Operating Partnership and the charter documents, partnership
agreements and other organizational documents of the Subsidiaries and all
amendments thereto as have been requested by the Underwriters or their
counsel have been delivered to the Underwriters or their counsel.
(f) The Company's authorized capitalization consists of 10,000,000
shares of preferred stock, par value $.01 per share, 100,000,000 shares of
common stock, par value $.01 per share, and 65,000,000 shares of excess
stock, par value $.01 per share. All of the Company's issued and
outstanding shares of common stock and preferred stock have been duly
authorized and are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable and will
have been offered and sold in compliance, in all material respects, with
all applicable laws (including, without limitation, federal or state
securities laws). The Shares have been duly authorized for issuance and
sale to the Underwriters pursuant to this Agreement and, when validly
issued and delivered pursuant to this Agreement against payment of the
Purchase Price, will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and
non-assessable and will not be subject to any preemptive or similar right
and will have been offered and sold in compliance, in all material
respects, with all applicable laws (including, without limitation, federal
or state securities laws). The description of the Shares, and the
statements related thereto, contained in the Registration Statement or the
Prospectus are, and at the Closing Date, will be, complete and accurate in
all material respects. Upon payment of the Purchase Price and delivery of
certificates representing the Shares in accordance herewith, each of the
Underwriters will receive good, valid and marketable title to the Shares,
free and clear of all security interests, mortgages, pledges, liens,
encumbrances, claims and equities. The form of depositary receipts to be
used to evidence the Shares will be in due and proper form and will comply,
in all material respects, with all applicable legal requirements and the
requirements of the NYSE. No shares of common or preferred stock of the
Company are reserved for any purpose other than securities to be issued
pursuant to this Agreement and except as disclosed in the Prospectus.
(g) As of the Closing Date, the partnership agreement of the Operating
Partnership will have been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the
Company, as the general partner and as a limited partner, and the
partnership agreement of each Partnership Subsidiary, other than the
Operating
-13-
Partnership, will have been duly authorized, validly executed and delivered
by each partner thereto and is valid, legally binding and enforceable in
accordance with its terms subject to (i) the effect of bankruptcy,
insolvency, fraudulent conveyance, reorganization, moratorium or other
similar laws now or hereafter in effect relating to or affecting the rights
and remedies of creditors and (ii) the effect of general principles of
equity, whether enforcement is considered in a proceeding in equity or at
law, and the discretion of the court before which any proceeding therefor
may be brought; immediately following the Closing Date, all of the issued
and outstanding shares of capital stock of each Corporate Subsidiary will
have been duly authorized and are validly issued, fully paid and
non-assessable and (except as described in the Prospectus) will be owned
directly or indirectly by the Company or the Operating Partnership, free
and clear of all security interests, liens and encumbrances, (except for
pledges in connection with the loan agreements of the Company and the
Subsidiaries) and all of the partnership interests in each Partnership
Subsidiary will have been duly authorized, validly issued and fully paid
and (except as described in the Prospectus) will be owned directly or
indirectly by the Company or the Operating Partnership, free and clear of
all security interests, liens and encumbrances (except for pledges in
connection with the loan agreements of the Company and the Subsidiaries).
(h) The financial statements, supporting schedules and related notes
included, or incorporated by reference, in the Registration Statement and
the Prospectus comply in all material respects with the requirements of the
Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable, and present fairly the
consolidated financial condition of the entity or entities or group
presented or included therein, as of the respective dates thereof, and its
consolidated results of operations and cash flows for the respective
periods covered thereby, are all in conformity with generally accepted
accounting principles applied on a consistent basis throughout the entire
period involved, except as otherwise disclosed in the Prospectus. The
financial information and data included or incorporated by reference in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus present fairly the information
included or incorporated by reference therein and have been prepared on a
basis consistent, except as may be noted therein, with that of the
financial statements, schedules and notes included or incorporated by
reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and the books
and records of the respective entity or entities or group presented or
included therein. Except as otherwise noted in the Prospectus, pro forma
and/or as adjusted financial information included in the Prospectus has
been prepared in accordance with the applicable requirements of the Act and
the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants ("AICPA") guidelines
with respect to pro forma and as adjusted financial information,
-14-
and includes all adjustments necessary to present fairly the pro forma
and/or as adjusted financial condition of the entity or entities or group
presented or included or incorporated by reference therein at the
respective dates indicated and the results of operations and cash flows for
the respective periods specified. The Company's ratio of earnings to fixed
charges and preferred dividend requirements included in the Prospectus and
in Exhibit 12 to the Registration Statement have been calculated in
compliance with Item 503(d) of Regulation S-K of the Commission. No other
financial statements (or schedules) of the Company, or any predecessor of
the Company are required by the Act or the Exchange Act to be included in
the Registration Statement or the Prospectus. Coopers & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ L.L.P. (the
"Accountants"), who have reported on such financial statements, schedules
and related notes, are independent public accountants with respect to the
Company as required by the Act.
(i) Subsequent to the respective dates as of which information is
given in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and prior to the
Closing Date, (i) there has not been and will not have been, except as set
forth in or contemplated by the Registration Statement and the Prospectus,
any change in the capitalization, long term or short term debt or in the
capital stock or equity of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries which
would be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries considered as one
enterprise (anything which would be material to the Company and its
Subsidiaries, considered as one enterprise, being hereinafter referred to
as "Material"), (ii) except as described in the Prospectus, neither the
Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has incurred nor will any of them incur
any liabilities or obligations, direct or contingent, which would be
Material, nor has any of them entered into nor will any of them enter into
any transactions, other than pursuant to this Agreement and the
transactions referred to herein or as contemplated in the Prospectus, which
would be Material, (iii) there has not been any Material Adverse Effect,
and (iv) except for regular quarterly distributions on the Company's shares
of common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the "Common Stock"), and the
dividends on the shares of the Company's (a) Series A Preferred Stock, par
value $.01 per share (the "Series A Preferred Stock"), (b) Depositary
Shares each representing 1/100 of a share of 8 3/4 Series B Preferred Stock
(the "Series B Preferred Stock") and (c) Depositary Shares each
representing 1/100 of a share of 8_ Series C Preferred Stock (the "Series C
Preferred Stock"), the Company has not paid or declared and will not pay or
declare any dividends or other distributions of any kind on any class of
its capital stock.
(j) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is, or as of the
Clos-
-15-
ing Date or, if later, an Option Closing Date, will be, required to be
registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940
Act").
(k) To the knowledge of the Company, except as set forth in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there are no actions, suits,
proceedings, investigations or inquiries pending or, after due inquiry,
threatened against or affecting the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or
any of their respective officers or directors in their capacity as such or
of which any of their respective properties or assets or any Property is
the subject or bound, before or by any Federal or state court, commission,
regulatory body, administrative agency or other governmental body, domestic
or foreign, wherein an unfavorable ruling, decision or finding would
reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.
(l) The Company and each of its Subsidiaries (i) has, and at the
Closing Date or, if later, an Option Closing Date, will have, (A) all
governmental licenses, permits, consents, orders, approvals and other
authorizations necessary to carry on its business as contemplated in the
Prospectus and are in material compliance with such, and (B) complied in
all material respects with all laws, regulations and orders applicable to
it or its business and (ii) is not, and at the Closing Date or, if later,
an Option Closing Date, will not be, in breach of or default in the
performance or observance of any obligation, agreement, covenant or
condition contained in any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, voting trust
agreement, loan agreement, bond, debenture, note agreement, lease,
contract, joint venture or partnership agreement or other agreement or
instrument (collectively, a "Contract or Other Agreement") or under any
applicable law, rule, order, administrative regulation or administrative or
court decree to which it is a party or by which any of its other assets or
properties or by which the Properties are bound or affected, except where
such default, breach or failure will not, either singly or in the
aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. To the knowledge of the Company
and each of its Subsidiaries, after due inquiry, no other party under any
Material contract or other agreement to which it is a party is in default
thereunder, except where such default will not have a Material Adverse
Effect. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is, nor at the
Closing Date or, if later, an Option Closing Date, will any of them be, in
violation of any provision of its articles of incorporation, by-laws,
certificate of limited partnership, partnership agreement or other
organizational document, as the case may be.
(m) No Material consent, approval, authorization or order of, or any
filing or declaration with, any court or governmental agency or body or any
other entity is required in connection with the offering, issuance or sale
of the
-16-
Shares hereunder except such as have been obtained under the Act and the
Exchange Act and such as may be required under state securities, Blue Sky
or real estate syndication laws, or the by-laws, the corporate financing
rule or the conflict of interest rule of the NASD or the requirements of
the NYSE in connection with the purchase and distribution by the
Underwriters of the Shares or such as have been received prior to the date
of this Agreement.
(n) The Company and the Operating Partnership have full corporate or
partnership power, as the case may be, to enter into this Agreement and the
Deposit Agreement, to the extent each is a party thereto. Each of this
Agreement and the Deposit Agreement has been duly and validly authorized,
executed and delivered by the Company and the Operating Partnership, to the
extent each is a party thereto and constitutes a valid and binding
agreement of the Company and the Operating Partnership, to the extent each
is a party thereto, and assuming due authorization, execution and delivery
by the Underwriters, is enforceable, against the Company and the Operating
Partnership, to the extent each is a Party thereto, in accordance with the
terms hereof subject to (i) the effect of bankruptcy, insolvency,
fraudulent conveyance, reorganization, moratorium or other similar laws now
or hereafter in effect relating to or affecting the rights and remedies of
creditors and (ii) the effect of general principles of equity, whether
enforcement is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law, and the
discretion of the court before which any proceeding therefor may be
brought. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the
consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and the compliance by
each of the Company and the Subsidiaries with their obligations hereunder,
will not result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or
encumbrance upon any of the assets or properties of the Company or any of
its Subsidiaries pursuant to the terms or provisions of, or result in a
breach or violation of any of the terms or provisions of, or constitute a
default under, or give any other party a right to terminate any of its
obligations under, or result in the acceleration of any obligation under,
the certificate of incorporation, by-laws, partnership agreement or other
organizational documents of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, any
Contract or Other Agreement to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries
is a party or by which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of
their assets or properties are bound or affected, or violate or conflict
with any judgment, ruling, decree, order, statute, rule or regulation of
any court or other governmental agency (foreign or domestic) or body
applicable to the business or properties of the Company or any of its
Subsidiaries or to the Properties, in each case except for liens, charges,
encumbrances, breaches, violations, defaults, rights to terminate or
accelerate obligations, or
-17-
conflicts, the imposition or occurrence of which would not have a Material
Adverse Effect.
(o) As of the Closing Date or, if later, an Option Closing Date, the
Company and each of its subsidiaries will have good and marketable title to
all Material properties and assets described in the Prospectus as owned by
it, free and clear of all liens, encumbrances, claims, security interests
and defects, except such as are described in the Registration Statement or
the Prospectus, or such as secure the loan facilities of the Company and
the Subsidiaries, or would not result in a Material Adverse Effect.
(p) To the knowledge of the Company: (i) no lessee of any portion of
the Properties is in default under any of the leases governing such
properties and there is no event which, but for the passage of time or the
giving of notice, or both, would constitute a default under any of such
leases, except in each case such defaults that would not have a Material
Adverse Effect; (ii) the current use and occupancy of each of the
Properties complies in all material respects with all applicable codes and
zoning laws and regulations, except for such failures to comply which would
not individually or in the aggregate have a Material Adverse Effect; and
(iii) there is no pending or threatened condemnation, zoning change,
environmental or other proceeding or action that will in any material
respect affect the size of, use of, improvements on, construction on, or
access to the Properties except such proceedings or actions that would not
have a Material Adverse Effect. (q) The Company and the Partnership
Subsidiaries have property, title, casualty and liability insurance in
favor of the Company or the Partnership Subsidiaries with respect to each
of the Properties, in an amount and on such terms as is reasonable and
customary for businesses of the type conducted by the Company and the
Partnership Subsidiaries except in such instances where the tenant is
carrying such insurance or the tenant is self-insuring such risks.
(r) Except as disclosed in the Prospectus, and, except for activities,
conditions, circumstances or matters that would not have a Material Adverse
Effect, (A) to the knowledge of the Company and its Subsidiaries, after due
inquiry, the operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries are in
compliance with all Environmental Laws (as defined below) and all
requirements of applicable permits, licenses, approvals and other
authorizations issued pursuant to Environmental Laws; (B) to the knowledge
of the Company and its Subsidiaries, after due inquiry, none of the Company
or its Subsidiaries has caused or suffered to occur any Release (as defined
below) of any Hazardous Substance (as defined below) into the Environment
(as defined below) on, in, under or from any Property, and no condition
exists on, in, under or
-18-
adjacent to any Property that could reasonably be expected to result in the
incurrence of liabilities under, or any violations of, any Environmental
Law or give rise to the imposition of any Lien (as defined below), under
any Environmental Law; (C) none of the Company or its Subsidiaries has
received any written notice of a claim under or pursuant to any
Environmental Law or under common law pertaining to Hazardous Substances
on, in, under or originating from any Property; (D) none of the Company or
its Subsidiaries has actual knowledge of, or received any written notice
from any Governmental Authority (as defined below) claiming, any violation
of any Environmental Law or a determination to undertake and/or request the
investigation, remediation, clean-up or removal of any Hazardous Substance
released into the Environment on, in, under or from any Property; and (E)
no Property is included or, to the knowledge of the Company and its
Subsidiaries, after due inquiry, proposed for inclusion on the National
Priorities List issued pursuant to CERCLA (as defined below) by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (the "EPA"), or included on the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Information System database maintained by the EPA, and none of the Company
and its Subsidiaries has actual knowledge that any Property has otherwise
been identified in a published writing by the EPA as a potential CERCLA
removal, remedial or response site or, to the knowledge of the Company and
its Subsidiaries, is included on any similar list of potentially
contaminated sites pursuant to any other Environmental Law.
As used herein, "Hazardous Substance" shall include any hazardous
substance, hazardous waste, toxic substance, pollutant or hazardous
material, including, without limitation, oil, petroleum or any
petroleum-derived substance or waste, asbestos or asbestos-containing
materials, PCBs, pesticides, explosives, radioactive materials, dioxins,
urea formaldehyde insulation or any constituent of any such substance,
pollutant or waste which is subject to regulation under any Environmental
Law (including, without limitation, materials listed in the United States
Department of Transportation Optional Hazardous Material Table, 49 C.F.R.
ss. 172.101, or in the EPA's List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable
Quantities, 40 C.F.R. Part 302); "Environment" shall mean any surface
water, drinking water, ground water, land surface, subsurface strata, river
sediment, buildings, structures, and ambient, workplace and indoor and
outdoor air; "Environmental Law" shall mean the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (42 U.S.C. ss.
9601 et seq.) ("CERCLA"), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of
1976, as amended (42 U.S.C. ss. 6901, et seq.), the Clean Air Act, as
amended (42 U.S.C. ss. 7401, et seq.), the Clean Water Act, as amended (33
U.S.C. ss. 1251, et seq.), the Toxic Substances Control Act, as amended (15
U.S.C. ss. 2601, et seq.), the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970,
as amended (29 U.S.C. ss. 651, et
-19-
seq.), the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, as amended (49 U.S.C.
ss. 1801, et seq.), and all other federal, state and local laws,
ordinances, regulations, rules and orders relating to the protection of the
environment or of human health from environmental effects; "Governmental
Authority" shall mean any federal, state or local governmental office,
agency or authority having the duty or authority to promulgate, implement
or enforce any Environmental Law; "Lien" shall mean, with respect to any
Property, any mortgage, deed of trust, pledge, security interest, lien,
encumbrance, penalty, fine, charge, assessment, judgment or other liability
in, on or affecting such Property; and "Release" shall mean any spilling,
leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting,
escaping, leaching, dumping, emanating or disposing of any Hazardous
Substance into the Environment, including, without limitation, the
abandonment or discard of barrels, containers, tanks (including, without
limitation, underground storage tanks) or other receptacles containing or
previously containing and containing a residue of any Hazardous Substance.
None of the environmental consultants which prepared environmental and
asbestos inspection reports with respect to any of the Properties was
employed for such purpose on a contingent basis or has any substantial
interest in the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, and none of them nor
any of their directors, officers or employees is connected with the Company
or any of its Subsidiaries as a promoter, selling agent, voting trustee,
director, officer or employee.
(s) The Company and its Subsidiaries are organized and operate in a
manner so as to qualify as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the
Code and have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code commencing with
the taxable year ending December 31, 1994. The Company and its Subsidiaries
intend to continue to qualify as a REIT for the foreseeable future.
(t) There is no document or contract of a character required to be
described or referred to in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or
to be filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement which is not
described or filed as required, except for the filing of this Agreement and
the Deposit Agreement with the Commission as exhibits to a Form 8-K, which
the Company agrees to make in a timely manner, and the descriptions thereof
or references thereto are accurate in all material respects.
(u) On the Closing Date, the Shares will be duly authorized for
listing on the NYSE subject to official notice of issuance.
(v) None of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is involved in any
labor dispute nor, to the knowledge of the
-20-
Company or its Subsidiaries, after due inquiry, is any such dispute
threatened which would have a Material Adverse Effect.
(w) The Company and its Subsidiaries own, or are licensed or otherwise
have the full exclusive right to use, all material trademarks and trade
names which are used in or necessary for the conduct of their respective
businesses as described in the Prospectus. To the knowledge of the Company,
no claims have been asserted by any person to the use of any such
trademarks or trade names or challenging or questioning the validity or
effectiveness of any such trademark or trade name. The use, in connection
with the business and operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries, of
such trademarks and trade names does not, to the Company's knowledge,
infringe on the rights of any person.
(x) The Company and each of its Subsidiaries has filed all federal,
state, local and foreign income tax returns which have been required to be
filed (except in any case in which the failure to so file would not result
in a Material Adverse Effect) and has paid all taxes required to be paid
and any other assessment, fine or penalty levied against it, to the extent
that any of the foregoing would otherwise be delinquent, except, in all
cases, for any such tax, assessment, fine or penalty that is being
contested in good faith and except in any case in which the failure to so
pay would not result in a Material Adverse Effect.
(y) Each of the Partnership Subsidiaries is properly treated as a
partnership for federal income tax purposes and not as a "publicly traded
partnership."
(z) No relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the
Company or the Subsidiaries on the one hand, and the directors, officers,
stockholders, customers or suppliers of the Company or the Subsidiaries on
the other hand, which is required by the Act to be described in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus which is not so described.
(aa) The Company has not taken and will not take, directly or
indirectly, any action designed to, or that might be reasonably expected
to, cause or result in stabilization or manipulation of the price of the
Shares, and the Company has not distributed and have agreed not to
distribute any prospectus or other offering material in connection with the
offering and sale of the Shares other than the Prospectus, any preliminary
prospectus filed with the Commission or other material permitted by the
Securities Act (which were disclosed to you and your counsel).
(bb) The Company maintains a system of internal accounting controls
sufficient to provide reasonable assur-
-21-
ances that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management's
general or specific authorization; (ii) transactions are recorded as
necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with
generally accepted accounting principles and to maintain accountability for
assets; (iii) access to assets, financial and corporate books and records
is permitted only in accordance with management's general or specific
authorization; and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared
with existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is
taken with respect to any differences.
(cc) The Shares will have the following investment grade ratings from
each of Standard & Poor's Corporation ("S&P") ("BBB-"), ▇▇▇▇▇'▇ Investors
Service, Inc. ("▇▇▇▇▇'▇") ("baa3"), Fitch Investors Services, L.P.
("Fitch") ("BBB") and Duff & ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ("D&P") ("BBB-"), at the Closing Date,
and, if later, the Option Closing Date.
(dd) No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration
Statement or any part thereof has been issued and no proceeding for that
purpose has been instituted, or to the knowledge of the Company, threatened
by the Commission or by the state securities authority of any jurisdiction.
No order preventing or suspending the use of the Prospectus has been issued
and no proceeding for that purpose has been instituted or, to the knowledge
of the Company, threatened by the Commission or by the state securities
authority of any jurisdiction.
(ee) Any certificate or other document signed by any officer or
authorized representative of the Company or any Subsidiary, and delivered
to the Underwriters or to counsel for the Underwriters in connection with
the sale of the Shares shall be deemed a representation and warranty by
such entity or person, as the case may be, to each Underwriter as to the
matters covered thereby.
7. Indemnification and Contribution. (a) The Company agrees to indemnify
and hold harmless each of you and each other Underwriter and each person, if
any, who controls any Underwriter within the meaning of Section 15 of the Act or
Section 20 of the Exchange Act from and against any and all losses, claims,
damages, liabilities and expenses (including reasonable costs of investigation)
arising out of or based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of
a material fact contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or in
any amendment or supplement thereto, or arising out of or based upon any
omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be
stated therein or necessary to make the statements not misleading, except
insofar as such losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses arise out of or
are based upon any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or
omission which has been made therein or omitted therefrom in reliance upon and
in
-22-
conformity with the information relating to such Underwriter furnished in
writing to the Company by or on behalf of any Underwriter through you expressly
for use in connection therewith. The foregoing indemnity agreement shall be in
addition to any liability which the Company may otherwise have.
(b) If any action, suit or proceeding shall be brought against any
Underwriter or any person controlling any Underwriter in respect of which
indemnity may be sought against the Company, such Underwriter or such
controlling person shall promptly notify the Company and the Company shall
assume the defense thereof, including the employment of counsel and payment of
all fees and expenses. Such Underwriter or any such controlling person shall
have the right to employ separate counsel in any such action, suit or proceeding
and to participate in the defense thereof, but the fees and expenses of such
counsel shall be at the expense of such Underwriter or such controlling person
unless (i) the Company has agreed in writing to pay such fees and expenses, (ii)
the Company has failed to assume the defense and employ counsel, or (iii) the
named parties to any such action, suit or proceeding (including any impleaded
parties) include both such Underwriter or such controlling person and the
Company and such Underwriter or such controlling person shall have been advised
by its counsel that representation of such indemnified party and the Company by
the same counsel would be inappropriate under applicable standards of
professional conduct (whether or not such representation by the same counsel has
been proposed) due to actual or potential differing interests between them (in
which case the Company shall not have the right to assume the defense of such
action, suit or proceeding on behalf of such Underwriter or such controlling
person). It is understood, however, that the Company shall, in connection with
any one such action, suit or proceeding or separate but substantially similar or
related actions, suits or proceedings in the same jurisdiction arising out of
the same general allegations or circumstances, be liable for the reasonable fees
and expenses of only one separate firm of attorneys (in addition to any local
counsel) at any time for all such Underwriters and controlling persons not
having actual or potential differing interests with you or among themselves,
which firm shall be designated in writing by ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ Inc., and that all
such fees and expenses shall be reimbursed as they are incurred. The Company
shall not be liable for any settlement of any such action, suit or proceeding
effected without its written consent, but if settled with such written consent,
or if there be a final judgment for the plaintiff in any such action, suit or
proceeding, the Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless any Underwriter,
to the extent provided in the preceding paragraph, and any such controlling
person from and against any loss, claim, damage, liability or expense by reason
of such settlement or judgment.
(c) Each Underwriter agrees, severally and not jointly, to indemnify and
hold harmless the Company, its directors, its officers who sign the Registration
Statement, and any person who controls the Company within the meaning of Section
15
-23-
of the Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, to the same extent as the
foregoing indemnity from the Company to each Underwriter, but only with respect
to information relating to such Underwriter furnished in writing by or on behalf
of such Underwriter through you expressly for use in the Registration Statement,
the Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto. If any action, suit or
proceeding shall be brought against the Company, any of its directors, any such
officer, or any such controlling person based on the Registration Statement, the
Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, and in respect of which
indemnity may be sought against any Underwriter pursuant to this paragraph (c),
such Underwriter shall have the rights and duties given to the Company by
paragraph (b) above (except that if the Company shall have assumed the defense
thereof, such Underwriter shall not be required to do so, but may employ
separate counsel therein and participate in the defense thereof, but the fees
and expenses of such counsel shall be at such Underwriter's expense), and the
Company, its directors, any such officer, and any such controlling person shall
have the rights and duties given to the Underwriters by paragraph (b) above. The
foregoing indemnity agreement shall be in addition to any liability which the
Underwriters may otherwise have.
(d) If the indemnification provided for in this Section 7 is unavailable to
an indemnified party under paragraphs (a) or (c) hereof in respect of any
losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses referred to therein, then an
indemnifying party, in lieu of indemnifying such indemnified party, shall
contribute to the amount paid or payable by such indemnified party as a result
of such losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses (i) in such proportion
as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on
the one hand and the Underwriters on the other hand from the offering of the
Shares, or (ii) if the allocation provided by clause (i) above is not permitted
by applicable law, in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the
relative benefits referred to in clause (i) above but also the relative fault of
the Company on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other in connection with
the statements or omissions that resulted in such losses, claims, damages,
liabilities or expenses, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations.
The relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the
Underwriters on the other shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the
total net proceeds from the offering (before deducting expenses) received by the
Company bear to the total underwriting discounts and commissions received by the
Underwriters, in each case as set forth in the table on the cover page of the
Prospectus. The relative fault of the Company on the one hand and the
Underwriters on the other hand shall be determined by reference to, among other
things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the
omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information
supplied by the Company on the one hand or by the Underwriters on the other hand
and the parties' relative
-24-
intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent
such statement or omission.
(e) The Company and the Underwriters agree that it would not be just and
equitable if contribution pursuant to this Section 7 were determined by a pro
rata allocation (even if the Underwriters were treated as one entity for such
purpose) or by any other method of allocation that does not take account of the
equitable considerations referred to in paragraph (d) above. The amount paid or
payable by an indemnified party as a result of the losses, claims, damages,
liabilities and expenses referred to in paragraph (d) above shall be deemed to
include, subject to the limitations set forth above, any legal or other expenses
reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating
any claim or defending any such action, suit or proceeding. Notwithstanding the
provisions of this Section 7, no Underwriter shall be required to contribute any
amount in excess of the amount by which the total price of the Shares
underwritten by it and distributed to the public exceeds the amount of any
damages which such Underwriter has otherwise been required to pay by reason of
such untrue or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission. No
person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section
11(f) of the Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not
guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. The Underwriters' obligations to
contribute pursuant to this Section 7 are several in proportion to the
respective numbers of Firm Shares set forth opposite their names in Schedule I
hereto (or such numbers of Firm Shares increased as set forth in Section 9 and
not joint.
(f) No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of the
indemnified party, effect any settlement of any pending or threatened action,
suit or proceeding in respect of which any indemnified party is or could have
been a party and indemnity could have been sought hereunder by such indemnified
party, unless such settlement includes an unconditional release of such
indemnified party from all liability on claims that are the subject matter of
such action, suit or proceeding.
(g) Any losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses for which an
indemnified party is entitled to indemnification or contribution under this
Section 7 shall be paid by the indemnifying party to the indemnified party as
such losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses are incurred. The
indemnity and contribution agreements contained in this Section 7 and the
representations and warranties of the Company set forth in this Agreement shall
remain operative and in full force and effect, regardless of (i) any
investigation made by or on behalf of any Underwriter or any person control-
-25-
ling any Underwriter, the Company, its directors or officers, or any person
controlling the Company, (ii) acceptance of any Shares and payment therefor
hereunder, and (iii) any termination of this Agreement. A successor to any
Underwriter or any person controlling any Underwriter, or to the Company, its
directors or officers, or any person controlling the Company, shall be entitled
to the benefits of the indemnity, contribution and reimbursement agreements
contained in this Section 7.
8. Conditions of Underwriters' Obligations. The several obligations of the
Underwriters to purchase the Firm Shares and the Additional Shares, as the case
may be, under this Agreement are subject to the satisfaction of each of the
following conditions:
(a) All the representations and warranties of the Company and the
Operating Partnership contained in this Agreement shall be true and
correct, in all material respects, on the Closing Date, with the same force
and effect as if made on and as of the Closing Date; and as of an Option
Closing Date, if any, to the knowledge of the Company and the Operating
Partnership, such representations and warranties were true and correct, in
all Material respects, as of the date of this Agreement and on the Closing
Date. On or before any Option Closing Date, if any, the Company shall
disclose to the Underwriters the information which would make such
representations and warranties not true and correct, in all Material
respects, as of such Option Closing Date and the Company shall have
complied with all agreements and all conditions on its part to be performed
or satisfied hereunder at or prior to the Closing Date.
(b) The Registration Statement, including any Rule 462(b) Registration
Statement, has become effective under the Act; the Prospectus shall have
been filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) within the
applicable time period prescribed for such filing by such Rule; no stop
order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement shall have
been issued and no proceedings for that purpose shall have been commenced
or shall be pending before or threatened by the Commission to the
knowledge, after due inquiry, of the Company. No stop order suspending the
effectiveness of the Registration Statement shall have been issued and no
proceedings for that purpose shall have been commenced or shall be pending
before or threatened by the state securities authority of any jurisdiction,
to the knowledge of the Company.
(c) Subsequent to the execution and delivery of this Agreement and
prior to the Closing Date, there shall not have occurred any downgrading,
nor shall any notice have been given of (i) any intended or potential
downgrading or (ii) any review or possible change that does not indicate an
improvement, in the rating accorded any securities of or guaranteed by the
Company or the Operating Partnership by any "nationally recognized
statistical rating organization," as such term is defined for purposes of
Rule 436(g)(2) under the Act.
-26-
(d) Since the respective dates as of which information is given in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus there shall not have been any
material adverse change in the capital stock, partners' equity or long-term
debt of the Company, the Operating Partnership or any of the Subsidiaries
on a consolidated basis, except as described or contemplated in the
Prospectus, or any material adverse change, or any development involving a
prospective material adverse change, in or affecting the general affairs,
business, prospects, management, properties, financial position,
stockholders' equity, partners' equity or results of operations of the
Company, the Operating Partnership and the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole,
otherwise than as set forth or contemplated in the Prospectus, the effect
of which in your judgment makes it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed
with the public offering or the delivery of the Shares on the terms and in
the manner contemplated in the Prospectus; and other than as set forth in
the Prospectus, no proceedings shall be pending or, to the knowledge of the
Company, after due inquiry, threatened against the Operating Partnership or
the Company or any Property before or by any federal, state or other
commission, board or administrative agency, where an unfavorable decision,
ruling or finding could reasonably be expected to result in a Material
Adverse Effect.
(e) You shall have received on and as of the Closing Date and on and
as of any applicable Option Closing Date, as the case may be, a certificate
signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or President or Chief
Executive Officer of the Company and the Chief Financial or Accounting
Officer of the Company, in their capacities as officers of the Company, on
behalf of the Company for itself and as general partner of the Operating
Partnership, satisfactory to you, to the effect set forth in subsections
(a) through (d) of this Section.
(f) You shall have received on the Closing Date and, if later, an
Option Closing Date an opinion or opinions (satisfactory to you and counsel
for the Underwriters), dated the Closing Date, and the Option Closing Date,
as the case may be, of ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, counsel for the Company and
the Operating Partnership, to the effect that:
(i) The Company is duly qualified or registered as a foreign
corporation to transact business and is in good standing in each
jurisdiction identified with an asterisk in Schedule II hereto. Each
of the Corporate Subsidiaries is duly qualified or registered as a
foreign corporation to transact business and is in good standing in
each jurisdiction identified with an asterisk in Schedule II hereto.
-27-
(ii) The Operating Partnership and each of the Financing
Partnership and Securities, L.P. has been duly formed and is validly
existing as a limited partnership in good standing under the laws of
its state of organization. The Operating Partnership and each of the
Financing Partnership and Securities, L.P. has all requisite
partnership power and authority to own, lease and operate its
properties and other assets, to conduct the business in which it is
engaged and proposes to engage, in each case, as described in the
Prospectus, and the Operating Partnership has the partnership power to
enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement. The
Operating Partnership and each of the Financing Partnership and
Securities, L.P. is duly qualified or registered as a foreign
partnership and is in good standing in each jurisdiction identified
with an asterisk in Schedule II hereto.
(iii) To the knowledge of such counsel, other than the Additional
Shares and shares reserved for issuance pursuant to the Company's
Shareholders Rights Plan, no shares of preferred stock of the Company
are reserved for any purpose. To the knowledge of such counsel, there
are no outstanding securities convertible into or exchangeable for any
preferred stock of the Company and no outstanding options other than
as provided in this Agreement, rights (preemptive or otherwise) or
warrants to purchase or to subscribe for shares of preferred stock of
the Company. To the knowledge of such counsel, all of the outstanding
partnership interests of the Operating Partnership, the Financing
Partnership and Securities, L.P. have been duly authorized, validly
issued and fully paid and, except for Units not owned by the Company,
are owned directly or indirectly by the Company or the Operating
Partnership.
(iv) To the knowledge of such counsel, none of the Company, the
Operating Partnership, the Financing Partnership, Securities, L.P.,
FIFC or FISC is in violation of or default under its charter, by-laws,
certificate of limited partnership or partnership agreement, as the
case may be, and none of such entities is in default in the
performance or observance of any obligation, agreement, covenant or
condition contained in any document (as in effect on the date of such
opinion) listed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, the
Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, if applicable, and
the Company's most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as amended,
if applicable, to which such entity is a party or by which such entity
may be bound, or to which any of the property or assets of such entity
or any Property is subject to or bound by (it being understood that
(i) such counsel need express
-28-
no opinion with respect to matters relating to any contract,
indenture, mortgage, loan agreement, note lease, joint venture or
partnership agreement or other instrument or agreement relating to the
acquisition, transfer, operation, maintenance, management or financing
of any property or assets of such entity or any other Property and
(ii) such counsel may assume compliance with the financial covenants
contained in any such document), except in each case for violations or
defaults which in the aggregate are not reasonably expected to have a
Material Adverse Effect.
(v) Each of this Agreement and the Deposit Agreement was duly and
validly authorized, executed and delivered by each of the Company and
the Operating Partnership.
(vi) The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Deposit
Agreement, the issuance and sale of the Shares and the performance by
the Company and the Operating Partnership of their respective
obligations under the Shares, this Agreement and the Deposit Agreement
and the consummation of the transactions herein and therein
contemplated will not require, to such counsel's knowledge, any
consent, approval, authorization or other order of any court,
regulatory body, administrative agency or other governmental body
(except such as may be required under the Act, the state securities,
Blue Sky or real estate syndication laws in connection with the
purchase and distribution of the Shares by the Underwriters) and did
not and do not conflict with or constitute a breach or violation of or
default under: (1) any document (as in effect on the date of such
opinion) listed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, the
Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, if applicable, and
the Company's most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as amended,
if applicable, to which any such entity is a party or by which it or
any of them or any of their respective properties or other assets may
be bound or subject and of which such counsel is aware (it being
understood that (i) such counsel need express no opinion with respect
to matters relating to any contract, indenture, mortgage, loan
agreement, note lease, joint venture or partnership agreement or other
instrument or agreement relating to the acquisition, transfer,
operation, maintenance, management or financing of any property or
assets of such entity or any other Property and (ii) such counsel may
assume compliance with the financial covenants contained in any such
document); (2) the certificate of limited partnership or partnership
agreement, as the case may be, of the Operating Partnership, the
Financing Partnership, and Securities, L.P. or the articles of
incorporation or bylaws, as the case may be,
-29-
of the Company, FIFC or FISC; (3) any applicable law, rule or
administrative regulation, except in each case for conflicts,
breaches, violations or defaults that in the aggregate would not have
a Material Adverse Effect.
(vii) To the knowledge of such counsel, no Material
authorization, approval, consent or order of any court or governmental
authority or agency or any other entity is required in connection with
the offering, issuance or sale of the Shares hereunder, except such as
may be required under the Act or the by-laws, corporate financing rule
and conflict of interest rule of the NASD, or state securities, blue
sky or real estate syndication laws, or such as have been received
prior to the date of such opinion.
(viii) The Registration Statement, at the time it became
effective and the Prospectus, as of the date of the Prospectus
Supplement (in each case, other than the financial statements and
supporting schedule and other financial and statistical data included
or incorporated by reference therein, as to which no opinion need be
rendered), complied as to form in all material respects with the
requirements of the Act and the Exchange Act.
(ix) Each of the Underwriters is receiving good, valid and
marketable title to the Shares, free and clear of all security
interests, mortgages, pledges, liens, encumbrances, claims and
equities if the Underwriters acquire such Shares in good faith and
without notice of any such security interests, mortgages, pledges,
liens, encumbrances, claims or equities.
(x) The information in the Prospectus Supplement under
"Description of Series D Preferred Shares and Depositary Shares" and
"Certain Federal Income Tax Considerations" and in the Prospectus
under "Risk Factors," "Description of Preferred Stock," "Description
of Depository Shares," "Restrictions on Transfers of Capital Stock"
and "Federal Income Tax Considerations," to the extent that it
constitutes statements of law, descriptions of statutes, rules or
regulations, summaries of documents or legal conclusions, has been
reviewed by such counsel and is correct in all material respects and
presents fairly the information required to be disclosed therein.
(xi) To such counsel's knowledge, there is no document or
contract of a character required to be described or referred to in the
Registration Statement and Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits
thereto by the Act other than those described or referred to therein
or filed as exhibits thereto, and the descrip-
-30-
tions thereof or references thereto are accurate in all material
respects.
(xii) The Shares have been approved for listing on the NYSE
subject to official notice of issuance.
(xiii) The partnership agreement of each of the Operating
Partnership, Securities, L.P. and the Financing Partnership has been
duly authorized, validly executed and delivered by each of the Company
and the Subsidiaries, to the extent they are parties thereto, and is
valid, legally binding and enforceable in accordance with its terms,
subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent transfer,
reorganization, moratorium and similar laws of general applicability
relating to or affecting creditors' rights and of general principles
of equity (regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in
a proceeding in equity or at law).
(xiv) The Registration Statement has been declared effective
under the Securities Act, the Prospectus was filed with the Commission
pursuant to Rule 424 within the applicable time period prescribed by
Rule 424 and, to the knowledge of such counsel, no stop order
suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the
Prospectus has been issued and no proceeding for that purpose is
pending or threatened by the Commission.
(xv) The documents filed pursuant to the Exchange Act and
incorporated by reference in the Prospectus (other than the financial
statements and supporting schedules therein and other financial and
statistical data, as to which no opinion need be rendered), when they
were filed with the Commission, complied as to form in all material
respects with the requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules and
regulations of the Commission thereunder.
(xvi) The Company and the Operating Partnership satisfy all
conditions and requirements for filing the Registration Statement on
Form S-3 under the Act.
(xvii) None of the Company, the Corporate Subsidiaries or the
Partnership Subsidiaries is required to be registered as an investment
company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
In addition, ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ shall confirm that the opinion filed
as Exhibit 8 to the Registration Statement is true and correct as of the date
thereof and shall authorize the Underwriters to rely on such opinion as if it
were addressed to the Underwriters.
-31-
In addition, ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ shall state that they have
participated in conferences with officers and other representatives of the
Company, the Operating Partnership and the Subsidiaries, representatives of the
independent public accountants for the Company, the Operating Partnership and
the Subsidiaries and representatives of the Underwriters at which the contents
of the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and related matters were
discussed. On the basis thereof, but without independent verification by such
counsel of, and without passing upon or assuming any responsibility for, the
accuracy, completeness or fairness of the statements contained in the
Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any amendments or supplements
thereto, no facts have come to the attention of such counsel that lead them to
believe that (i) the Registration Statement, including the documents
incorporated therein by reference, at the time such Registration Statement
became effective, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted
to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order
to make the statements therein not misleading or (ii) the Prospectus, as of its
date or at the Closing Date, or, if later, an Option Closing Date, contained or
contains any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or omits to state a
material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the
circumstances under which they were made, not misleading (it being understood
that such counsel need express no opinion with respect to the financial
statements, schedules and other financial and statistical data included in the
Registration Statement or the Prospectus).
In giving its opinion, such counsel may rely (A) as to all matters of fact,
upon certificates and written statements of officers, directors, partners and
employees of and accountants for each of the Company, the Corporate Subsidiaries
and the Partnership Subsidiaries, (B) as to matters of Maryland law, on the
opinion of McGuire, Woods, Battle & ▇▇▇▇▇▇, L.L.P., Baltimore, Maryland, which
opinion shall be in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to counsel for
the Underwriters, (C) as to matters of Illinois law, on the opinion of Barack
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Chicago, Illinois, which opinion
shall be in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to counsel for the
Underwriters, and (D) as to the good standing and qualification of the Company,
the Corporate Subsidiaries and the Partnership Subsidiaries to do business in
any state or jurisdiction, upon certificates of appropriate government officials
or opinions of counsel in such jurisdictions. Counsel need express no opinion
(i) as to the enforceability of forum selection clauses in the federal courts or
(ii) with respect to the requirements of, or compliance with, any state
securities, Blue Sky or real estate syndication laws.
(g) You shall have received on the Closing Date and, if later, an
Option Closing Date, an opinion or opinions (satisfactory to you and
counsel for the Underwriters), dated the Closing Date, and the Option
Closing Date, as the case may be, of McGuire, Woods, Battle & ▇▇▇▇▇▇,
L.L.P.,
-32-
special Maryland counsel for the Company, to the effect that:
(i) Each of the Company and the Corporate Subsidiaries has been
duly incorporated and is validly existing as a corporation in good
standing under the laws of its respective jurisdiction of
incorporation.
(ii) Each of the Company and the Corporate Subsidiaries has
corporate power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties
and other assets and to conduct the business in which it is engaged or
proposes to engage, in each case, as described in the Prospectus, and
the Company has the corporate power and authority to enter into and
perform its obligations under this Agreement.
(iii) The Company's authorized capitalization consists of
10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $.01 per share,
100,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $.01 per share and
65,000,000 shares of excess stock, par value $.01 per share. All of
the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have
been duly authorized and are validly issued, fully paid and
non-assessable. All the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock
of the Corporate Subsidiaries have been duly authorized and are
validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable and are owned by the
Company.
(iv) Each of the Shares has been duly authorized for issuance and
sale to the Underwriters pursuant to this Agreement and, when validly
issued and delivered pursuant to this Agreement against payment of the
Purchase Price, will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid
and non-assessable. To the extent Maryland law provides the basis for
determination, each of the Underwriters is receiving good, valid and
marketable title to the Shares, free and clear of all security
interests, mortgages, pledges, liens, encumbrances, claims and
equities if the Underwriters acquire such Shares in good faith and
without notice of any such security interests, mortgages, pledges,
liens, encumbrances, claims or equities. The terms of the Shares
conform in all material respects to all statements and descriptions
related thereto contained in the Registration Statement and
Prospectus. The form of depositary receipt used to evidence the Shares
are in due and proper form and comply in all material respects with
all applicable legal requirements and with the requirements of the
NYSE. The issuance of the Shares is not subject to any preemptive or
other similar rights arising under Maryland General Corporation Law,
the Com-
-33-
pany's charter or by-laws, as amended to date, or any agreement of
which such counsel is aware.
(v) Each of this Agreement and the Deposit Agreement was duly and
validly authorized and executed by the Company.
(vi) The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Deposit
Agreement and the performance of the obligations and the consummation
of the transactions set forth herein and therein by the Company will
not require, to the knowledge of such counsel, any consent, approval,
authorization or other order of any Maryland court, regulatory body,
administrative agency or other governmental body (except as such may
be required under the Act or other securities laws) and did not and do
not conflict with or constitute a breach or violation of or default
under: (1) the charter or by-laws, as the case may be, of the Company;
(2) any applicable Maryland law, rule or administrative regulation or
any order or administrative or court decree of which such counsel is
aware, except in each case for conflicts, breaches, violations or
defaults that in the aggregate would not have a Material Adverse
Effect.
(vii) To the knowledge of such counsel, no Material
authorization, approval, consent or order of any Maryland court,
governmental authority, agency or other entity is required in
connection with the offering, issuance or sale of the Shares
hereunder, except such as may be required under Maryland securities,
blue sky or real estate syndication laws.
(viii) The information in the Prospectus under "Description of
Preferred Stock," "Description of Depositary Shares," "Certain
Provisions of Maryland Law and the Company's Articles of Incorporation
and Bylaws" and "Restrictions on Transfers of Capital Stock" and in
Part II of the Registration Statement under Item 15 to the extent that
it constitutes statements of law, descriptions of statutes, rules or
regulations, summaries of documents or legal conclusions, has been
reviewed by such counsel and, as to Maryland law, is correct in all
material respects and presents fairly the information required to be
disclosed therein.
(ix) The Company and each of the Corporate Subsidiaries was
authorized to enter into the partnership agreement of each Partnership
Subsidiary for which the Company or such Corporate Subsidiary, as the
case may be, is the general partner.
(h) You shall have received on the Closing date and, if later, an
Option Closing Date, an opinion or opinions
-34-
(satisfactory to you and counsel for the Underwriters), dated the Closing
Date, or the Option Closing Date, as the case may be, of Barack ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, special Illinois counsel for the Company,
to the effect that:
(i) To the knowledge of such counsel, none of the Company, FRA,
the Operating Partnership, FIMC, the Mortgage Partnership, FIH, FII,
FIHC and FIIC is in violation of or in default in connection with the
performance or observance of any obligation, agreement, covenant or
condition contained in any or all of (a) the documentation evidencing
and/or securing (1) a certain unsecured term loan made available to
the Operating Partnership by Union Bank of Switzerland, New York
Branch, (2) a certain loan made available to Harrisburg, L.P. by ORIX
USA, Inc., (3) a certain mortgage loan made available to the Financing
Partnership by Nomura Asset Capital Corporation, (4) a certain
mortgage loan made available to the Mortgage Partnership by Nomura
Asset Capital Corporation, (5) a certain revolving credit facility
made available to the Operating Partnership by The First National Bank
of Chicago and the Union Bank of Switzerland, New York Branch, (6) the
assumption by the Operating Partnership of a certain mortgage loan
from PFL Life Insurance Company made available to Fourth Brookville
Associates Limited Partnership, (7) the assumption by the Operating
Partnership of a certain loan from Monumental Life Insurance Company
made available to Lincoln Center Associates Limited Partnership, (8)
the origination of a certain mortgage loan made available to FII by
Connecticut General Life Insurance Company ("CIGNA"), (9) the
origination of a certain mortgage loan made available to the Operating
Partnership by CIGNA, (10) the acquisition of property by the
Operating Partnership subject to a certain mortgage loan from
Smithkline ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Clinical Laboratories, Inc. made available to 290
Industrial Co., LLC and (11) the acquisition of property by the
Operating Partnership subject to a certain mortgage loan from Patomi
Realty Co. made available to ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ Associates (such
documentation, collectively, the "Credit Documents") and (b) various
pending agreements of purchase and sale which FR Acquisitions, Inc.
has entered into for the purchase of certain real properties
(collectively, the "Pending Contracts"), except in each case for
defaults that, in the aggregate, are not reasonably expected to have a
Material Adverse Effect.
(ii) The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Deposit
Agreement and the performance of the obligations and the consummation
of the transaction set forth herein and therein by the Company and the
Op-
-35-
erating Partnership did not and do not conflict with or constitute a
breach or violation of, or default under: (A) the Credit Documents and
the Pending Contracts; (B) any applicable law, rule or administrative
regulation of the federal government (or agency thereof) of the United
States; or (C) any order or administrative or court decree issued to
or against or concerning the Company, the Operating Partnership, FIMC,
the Mortgage Partnership, FIH, FII, FIHC, or FIIC, of which in the
cases of clauses (B) and (C) above, such counsel is aware, except in
each case for conflicts, breaches, violations or defaults that in the
aggregate would not have a Material Adverse Effect.
(iii) To the knowledge of such counsel, there are no legal or
governmental proceedings pending or threatened that do, or are likely
to, have a Material Adverse Effect.
(iv) The information in the 10-K under Item 2 "The
Properties--Mortgage Loans" (except for the 1994 Mortgage Loan), to
the extent that it constitutes statements of law, descriptions of
statutes, summaries of principal financing terms of Credit Documents
or legal conclusions, has been reviewed by such counsel and is correct
in all material respects and presents fairly the information disclosed
therein.
(i) You shall have received on the Closing Date and the Option Closing
Date, as the case may be, an opinion, dated the Closing Date and the Option
Closing Date, as the case may be, of ▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇, counsel for the
Underwriters, as to the matters referred to in clause (i) (with respect to
the Company only) and (iv) (with respect to the first and last sentences
only) of Section 8(g) and clauses (v) and (viii) of Section 8(f) and in
addition, ▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇ shall make statements similar to those contained
in the second paragraph following clause (xviii) of Section 8(f) hereto and
shall be entitled to rely on those persons described in the third paragraph
following clause (xvii) Section 8(f) hereto with respect to the matters
described therein.
(j) At the Closing Date, the Shares shall have the ratings accorded by
the "nationally recognized statistical organizations," as defined by the
Commission for purposes of Rule 436(g)(2) under the Act, as specified in
Section 6(ac) hereto, and the Company shall have delivered to ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇
Inc. a letter, dated as of such date, from each such rating organization,
or other evidence satisfactory to ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ Inc., confirming that the
Shares have such ratings. Since the date hereof, there shall not have
occurred a downgrading in the rating assigned to the Shares or any of the
Company's securities or the Operating Partnership's other securities by
-36-
any such rating organization, and no such rating organization shall have
publicly announced that it has under surveillance or review, with possible
negative implications, its rating of the Shares or any of the Company's
securities or the Operating Partnership's other securities.
(k) On the date hereof or such other date as the Underwriters may
agree to, Coopers & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ L.L.P. shall have furnished to the Underwriters
a letter, dated the date of its delivery, addressed to the Underwriters and
in form and substance satisfactory to the Underwriters (and to its
counsel), confirming that they are independent public accountants with
respect to the Company and its Subsidiaries as required by the Act and with
respect to the financial and other statistical and numerical information
contained in the Registration Statement and containing statements and
information of the type ordinarily included in accountants' "comfort
letters" as set forth in the AICPA's Statement on Auditing Standards 72. At
the Closing Date and, as to the Additional Shares, at any Option Closing
Date, Coopers & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ L.L.P. shall have furnished to the Underwriters a
letter, dated the date of its delivery, which shall confirm, on the basis
of a review in accordance with the procedures set forth in the letter from
it, that nothing has come to its attention during the period from the date
of the letter referred to in the prior sentence to a date (specified in the
letter) not more than five days prior to the Closing Date and the
applicable Option Closing Date, as the case may be, which would require any
change in its letter dated the date hereof if it were required to be dated
and delivered at the Closing Date and the applicable Option Closing Date,
as the case may be.
(l) At the Closing Date, the Shares shall have been approved for
listing on the NYSE upon official notice of issuance.
(m) The Company and its Subsidiaries shall not have failed at or prior
to the Closing Date and any applicable Option Closing Date, as the case may
be, to perform or comply with any of the agreements pursuant to Section 5
herein contained and required to be performed or complied with by the
Company at or prior to the Closing Date and the Option Closing Date, as the
case may be.
(n) At the Closing Date and, if later, at any applicable Option
Closing Date, counsel for the Underwriters shall have been furnished with
such documents and opinions as they may reasonably require for the purpose
of enabling them to pass upon the issuance and sale of the Shares, as
herein contemplated and related proceedings, or in order to evidence the
accuracy of any of the representations or warranties, or the fulfillment of
any of the conditions, herein contained; and all proceedings taken by the
Company in con-
-37-
nection with the issuance and sale of the Shares as herein contemplated
shall be reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Underwriters
and counsel for the Underwriters.
The opinions and certificates mentioned in this Agreement shall be deemed
to be in compliance with the provisions hereof only if they are in all material
respects satisfactory to you and to ▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇, counsel for the
Underwriters.
9. Effective Date of Agreement; Termination; Default by One or More
Underwriters. This Agreement shall become effective upon the execution of this
Agreement.
This Agreement may be terminated at any time prior to the Closing Date by
you by written notice to the Company if any of the following has occurred: (i)
since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus, there has been a Material Adverse Effect, (ii) any
outbreak or escalation of hostilities or other national or international
calamity or crisis or change in economic conditions or in the financial markets
of the United States or elsewhere that, in your judgment, is material and
adverse and would, in your judgment, make it impracticable to market the Shares
on the terms and in the manner contemplated in the Prospectus or to enforce
contracts for the resale of the Shares, (iii) the suspension or material
limitation of trading in securities on the NYSE or the American Stock Exchange
or material limitation on prices for securities on either of such exchanges,
(iv) the enactment, publication, decree or other promulgation of any federal or
state statute, regulation, rule or order of any court or other governmental
authority which in your opinion would result in a Material Adverse Effect, (v)
the declaration of a banking moratorium by either federal or New York State
authorities or (vi) the taking of any action by any federal, state or local
government or agency in respect of its monetary or fiscal affairs which in your
opinion has a material adverse effect on the financial markets in the United
States.
If on the Closing Date or on an applicable Option Closing Date, as the case
may be, any one or more of the Underwriters shall fail or refuse to purchase the
Firm Shares or Additional Shares, as the case may be, which it or they have
agreed to purchase hereunder on such date and the aggregate number of Firm
Shares or Additional Shares, as the case may be, which such de-
-38-
faulting Underwriter or Underwriters, as the case may be, agreed but failed or
refused to purchase is not more than one-tenth of the total number of Firm
Shares or Additional Shares, as the case may be, to be purchased on such date by
all Underwriters, each non-defaulting Underwriter shall be obligated severally,
in the proportion which the number of Firm Shares set forth opposite its name in
Schedule I bears to the total number of Firm Shares which all the non-defaulting
Underwriters, have agreed to purchase, or in such other proportion as you may
specify, to purchase the Firm Shares or Additional Shares, as the case may be,
which such defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters, as the case may be, agreed
but failed or refused to purchase on such date; provided that in no event shall
the number of Firm Shares or Additional Shares, as the case may be, which any
Underwriter has agreed to purchase pursuant to Section 2 hereof be increased
pursuant to this Section 9 by an amount in excess of one-ninth of such number of
Firm Shares or Additional Shares, as the case may be, without the written
consent of such Underwriter. If on the Closing Date or on an applicable Option
Closing Date, as the case may be, any Underwriter or Underwriters shall fail or
refuse to purchase Firm Shares, or Additional Shares, as the case may be, and
the aggregate number of Firm Shares or Additional Shares, as the case may be,
with respect to which such default occurs is more than one-tenth of the
aggregate number of Firm Shares or Additional Shares, as the case may be, to be
purchased on such date by all Underwriters and arrangements satisfactory to you
and the Company for purchase of such Shares are not made within 48 hours after
such default, this Agreement will terminate without liability on the part of any
non-defaulting Underwriter and the Company. In any such case which does not
result in termination of this Agreement, either you or the Company shall have
the right to postpone the Closing Date or the applicable Option Closing Date, as
the case may be, but in no event for longer than seven days, in order that the
required changes, if any, in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or
any other documents or arrangements may be effected. Any action taken under this
paragraph shall not relieve any defaulting Underwriter from liability in respect
of any default of any such Underwriter under this Agreement.
10. Information Furnished by the Underwriters. The names of the
Underwriters set forth on the cover page, the stabilization legend on the inside
front cover, and the statements in the chart and the third, sixth and seventh
(with respect to the last sentence only) paragraphs under the caption
"Underwriting" in the Prospectus, constitute the only information furnished by
or on behalf of the Underwriters through you as such information is referred to
in Section 7.
11. Miscellaneous. Notices given pursuant to any provision of this
Agreement shall be addressed as follows: (a) if to the Company, to First
Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇,
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, Attention: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇, with a copy to ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ &
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, Attention of ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇.
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Esq. and (b) if to you, c/o ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ Inc., ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇,
▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, Attention: Manager, Investment Banking Division, with
a copy to ▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, Attention
of ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇., or in any case to such other address as the person to be
notified may have requested in writing.
The provisions of Sections 5, 6 and 7 shall remain operative and in full
force and effect, and will survive delivery of and payment for the Shares,
regardless of (i) any investigation,
-39-
or statement as to the results thereof, made by or on behalf of any Underwriter
or by or on behalf of the Company, the officers or directors of the Company or
any controlling person of the Company and (ii) acceptance of the Shares and
payment for them hereunder.
In the event of termination of this Agreement, the provisions of Sections
5(k) and 7 shall remain operative and in full force and effect.
If this Agreement shall be terminated by the Underwriters because of any
failure or refusal on the part of the Company or the Operating Partnership to
comply with the terms or to fulfill any of the conditions of this Agreement, the
Company and the Operating Partnership agree to reimburse the several
Underwriters for all out-of-pocket expenses (including the fees and
disbursements of counsel) reasonably incurred by them.
Except as otherwise provided, this Agreement has been and is made solely
for the benefit of and shall be binding upon the Company, the Operating
Partnership and the Underwriters, any controlling persons referred to herein and
their respective successors and assigns, all as and to the extent provided in
this Agreement, and no other person shall acquire or have any right under or by
virtue of this Agreement. The term "successors and assigns" shall not include a
purchaser of any of the Shares from any of the several Underwriters merely
because of such purchase.
This Agreement shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws
of the State of New York applicable to contracts made and to be performed in New
York.
-40-
This Agreement may be signed in various counterparts which together shall
constitute one and the same instrument.
Please confirm that the foregoing correctly sets forth the agreement among
the Company, the Operating Partnership, and the several Underwriters.
Very truly yours,
FIRST INDUSTRIAL REALTY TRUST, INC.
By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇
---------------------------------
Name: ▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇
Title: Senior Vice President
FIRST INDUSTRIAL, L.P.
By: First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc.
as its sole general partner
By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇
----------------------------------
Name: ▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇
Title:
▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ INC.
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
SECURITIES CORPORATION
BT ALEX. ▇▇▇▇▇ INCORPORATED
▇.▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ SECURITIES INC.
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ LYNCH, PIERCE, ▇▇▇▇▇▇
& ▇▇▇▇▇ INCORPORATED
PRUDENTIAL SECURITIES INCORPORATED
As representatives of the
several Underwriters listed
on Schedule I hereto
By: ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ INC.
By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. Sell
-----------------------------------
Name: ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. Sell
Title: Vice President
SCHEDULE I
Number of Firm Shares
Underwriters to Be Purchased
------------ ---------------
▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ Inc.................................. 787,500
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Lufkin & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
Securities Corporation....................... 787,500
BT Alex. ▇▇▇▇▇ Incorporated....................... 787,500
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Lynch, Pierce, ▇▇▇▇▇▇
& ▇▇▇▇▇ Incorporated......................... 787,500
▇.▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ Securities Inc........................ 787,500
Prudential Securities Incorporated................ 787,500
▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇ & Co. Incorporated................ 12,500
BancAmerica ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.................... 12,500
Bear, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & Co. Inc........................... 12,500
▇.▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & Co................................ 12,500
▇▇▇▇▇ & Company................................... 12,500
▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Incorporated........................ 12,500
EVEREN Securities, Inc............................ 12,500
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & Co. Inc.............................. 12,500
First Albany Corporation.......................... 12,500
First of Michigan Corporation..................... 12,500
Gibraltar Securities Co........................... 12,500
▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Inc....................... 12,500
▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, Incorporated.............. 12,500
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & Company Securities, Inc................ 12,500
▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇ & Co., Inc.......................... 12,500
▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ & Company, Inc...................... 12,500
The Ohio Company.................................. 12,500
▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Inc................................. 12,500
▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ & Associates, Inc................... 12,500
The ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Company, LLC................ 12,500
▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Incorporated....................... 12,500
U.S. Clearing Corp................................ 12,500
Total 5,000,000
I-1
SCHEDULE II
JURISDICTIONS OF FOREIGN QUALIFICATION OF THE COMPANY,
THE CORPORATE SUBSIDIARIES AND THE PARTNERSHIP SUBSIDIARIES
ENTITY: JURISDICTION
------- ------------
First Industrial, L.P. Georgia*
Illinois*
Indiana*
Michigan
Minnesota*
Missouri
New Jersey*
New York*
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Wisconsin
First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. Georgia*
Illinois*
Indiana*
Michigan*
Minnesota*
New Jersey*
New York*
Ohio
First Industrial Securities, L.P. Illinois
Michigan
Minnesota
Pennsylvania
First Industrial Securities Corporation Illinois*
Michigan*
First Industrial Pennsylvania Partnership, L.P. Pennsylvania
First Industrial Pennsylvania Corporation Pennsylvania
First Industrial Harrisburg, L.P. Pennsylvania
First Industrial Harrisburg Corporation Pennsylvania
First Industrial Financing Partnership, L.P. Georgia*
Illinois*
II-1
Iowa
Michigan*
Minnesota*
Missouri
New Hampshire
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Wisconsin
First Industrial Finance Corporation Georgia*
Illinois*
Michigan*
Wisconsin
First Industrial Management Corporation Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
New Hampshire
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Wisconsin
FR Acquisitions, Inc. Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Wisconsin
First Industrial Mortgage Partnership, L.P. Georgia
Illinois
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
II-2
Tennessee
First Industrial Mortgage Corporation Illinois
Michigan
First Industrial Indianapolis, L.P. Indiana
First Industrial Indianapolis Corporation None
First Industrial Development Services Group, L.P. None
FI Development Services Corporation None
--------------------------
* Denotes jurisdictions on which counsel is opining.
II-3
