Joint Filing Agreement The undersigned hereby agree that the Statement on Schedule 13D to which this Joint Filing Agreement is attached as Exhibit 7.1 is filed on behalf of each of us. Date: December 2, 1997

                                                                     Exhibit 7.1

                             Joint Filing Agreement

         The undersigned hereby agree that the Statement on Schedule 13D to
which this Joint Filing Agreement is attached as Exhibit 7.1 is filed on behalf
of each of us.

Date:    December 2, 1997

                                  Gold & Xxxxx Transfer, S.A., a British Virgin
                                  Islands corporation


                                  By    /s/ Xxxx Xxxxxxxx
                                        __________________________________
                                        Xxxx Xxxxxxxx, Attorney-in-Fact for
                                        Gold & Xxxxx Transfer, S.A.

                                  /s/ Xxxx Xxxxxxxx
                                  _________________________________________
                                  Xxxx Xxxxxxxx